Nervous & Skeletal Systems Virtual Science University 1 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nervous & Skeletal Systems Virtual Science University 1

Nervous & Skeletal Systems Texas TEK B.10(A) The student will interpret the function of systems in organisms (humans) including the nervous and skeletal systems. Texas TEK B.10(B) The student will compare the interrelationships of nervous and skeletal systems to each other and to the body as a whole. 2

Who Is Brother Bones? • Brother Bones consists of – 206 Bones • He has a AA Skeleton – Appendicular – Axial Skeleton 3

Axial Skeleton Anterior View of the Adult Skull 1. Frontal bone 2. Parietal bone 3. Nasal bone 4. Zygomatic bone 5. Vomer bone 6. Maxilla 7. Mandible 4

Axial Skeleton Anterior View of the Adult Skull Nasal Region Close-Up Mandible Close-Up 5

Axial Skeleton Lateral View of the Adult Skull • Frontal bone • Parietal bone • Sphenoid bone • Temporal bone • Maxilla • Zygomatic bone • Mandible 6

Axial Skeleton - Infant Skull • Sagittal suture • Anterior (frontal) fontanel • Coronal suture • Frontal bones 7

Lateral View of the Adult Skull 8

Axial Skeleton Inferior View of the Adult Skull • Hard palate • Zygomatic bone • Sphenoid bone • Vomer bone • Mandibular fossa • Mastoid process • Occipital condyle • Foramen magnum • Occipital bone 9

Openings - Axial Skeleton Floor of the Cranial Cavity • Frontal bone • Crista galli • Sphenoid bone • Sella turcica • Temporal bone • Jugular foramen • Foramen magnum • Parietal bone • Occipital bone 10

Model of Auditory Ossicles • Stapes (stirrup) – Smallest bone in the body • Incus (anvil) • Malleus (hammer) 11

Axial Skeleton - Hyoid Bone • Greater horns • Lesser horns • Body 12

Axial Skeleton – Axis - Superior View • Spinous process • Vertebral foramen • Transverse process • Superior articular surface • Odontoid process (dens) • Articular facet 13

Axial Skeleton Lumbar Vertebra—Superior View 1. Spinous process 2. Superior articular process 3. Transverse process 4. Vertebral foramen 5. Body 14

Comparison of Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae 15

Axial Skeleton The Sacrum-Anterior View • Sacral promontory • Sacral foramen • Coccyx 16

Axial Skeleton - Typical Rib • Tubercle • Neck • Head • Shaft (body) • Anterior (sternal) end 17

Axial Skeleton - Sternum • Manubrium • Costal cartilage • Body • Xiphoid process 18

Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle - Anterior View • Clavicle • Scapula • Humerus • Sternum 19

Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle—Posterior View • First rib • Scapula • Humerus • Cervical vertebrae • Thoracic vertebrae 20

Appendicular Skeleton Right 21

Appendicular Skeleton Right Scapula-Lateral View • Acromion process • Coracoid process • Glenoid cavity • Lateral (axillary) border • Spine 22

Appendicular Skeleton The Humerus 23

Appendicular Skeleton – The Radius & The Ulna 24

Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the Hand • Ulna • Radius • Carpal • Metacarpal • Phalanx 25

Appendicular Skeleton The Pelvic Girdle-Anterior View • Last lumbar vertebra (L5) • Sacrum • Coccyx • Ischium • Pubis • Ilium • Obturator foramen • Femur 26

Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic Girdle—Posterior View • Last lumbar vertebra (L5) • Sacrum • Coccyx • Ischium • Ilium • Obturator foramen • Femur 27

Appendicular Skeleton The Right Coxa • Iliac crest • Iliac fossa • Anterior superior iliac spine • Anterior inferior iliac spine • Superior ramus of the pubis • Obturator foramen • Inferior ramus of the pubis • Lesser sciatic notch • Ischial spine • Greater sciatic notch • Posterior superior iliac spine 28

Appendicular Skeleton The Left Coxa-Medial View 29

Appendicular Skeleton The Femur 30

Appendicular Skeleton The Tibia & The Fibula 31

Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the Foot—Lateral View • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals – Calcaneus – Talus – Cuboid – Navicular – Lateral cuneiform – Intermediate cuneiform • Metatarsals • Phalanges 32

Appendicular Skeleton The Patella and Knee Joint • Patella • Femur • Tibia • Fibula 33

Nervous System Glossary of Terms • Nerve is a network of nerve fibers through which impulses travel between the central nervous system and other parts of the body. • Dendrite is an extension of a neuron made up of cytoplasm that receives stimuli. • Axon is an extension of a neuron that is elongated and carries impulses away from the body. • Neuron is another name for nerve cell that is specialized to receive and conduct electrical impulses. 34

Nervous System Glossary of Terms • Synapse is a junction or intersection at which a neuron meets another cell. • Neurotransmitter is a chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse. • Action Potential is a sudden change in the polarity of the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber that facilitates the transmission of electrical impulses. • Membrane Potential is the difference in electric potential between the two sides of a cell membrane. 35

Nervous System Glossary of Terms • Resting Potential is a period when the cell is resting and there is an electric potential across the cell membrane of a nerve cell or muscle cell . • Central Nervous System’s main function is to control the flow of information in the body. • Peripheral Nervous System is all of the parts of the nervous system except the brain and the spinal cord. • Sensory Neuron is a neuron that carries stimuli from a sense organ to the central nervous system. • Motor Neuron is a neuron that conducts nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. 36

Nervous System Glossary of Terms • Motor Neuron • Brain • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Brain Stem • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Spinal cord • Reflex • Interneuron • Sensory Receptor • Retina • Rod • Cone • Optic Nerve • Cochlea • Semicircular Canal 37

Neurons Structure & Function • The human brain contains approximately 100 billion nerve cells, which are also called neurons. • There are many different types of neurons in the nervous system that differ in appearance. • All neurons have some common structural features that allow them to transmit and receive messages. 38

Neurons Structure & Function • The basic parts of neurons are the –Cell body –Dendrites –Axon –Axon terminal 39

Neurons Structure & Function • The cell body and dendrites function as the “receptive” part of the cell. • The axon and axon terminal are involved in transmission of messages to other cells. • A single neuron can cell can receive messages from thousands of other neurons. 40

Neurons Structure & Function • Nerve cells stimulate muscle cells, and thus control our movements. • Transmission of messages from neurons to muscles are the same as those between nerve cells. 41

Neurons Sending Messages • Neurons in the spinal cord directly control our muscles • Neuro-muscular communication • Neurons located in the spinal cord project their axons directly to skeletal muscles. 42

Neurons Sending Messages • T hese cells are called motor neurons and receive messages from the motor cortex • The axon terminal of the motor neuron comes very close to the muscle cell, but does not touch the muscle. 43

Neurons Sending Messages • There is a very small space between the axon terminal and the muscle cell – Known as the synaptic cleft • This small region that includes the axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and adjacent part of the muscle cell – Known as the synapse 44

Neurons Sending Messages • The motor neuron gets excited electrically by receiving a series of chemical messages from the motor cortex. • When a threshold level of excitation is reached in the cell body, a burst of electrical activity is produced in the axon that is propagated to the axon terminal. 45

Neurons Sending Messages • This burst of electrical excitation is called the action potential. • When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, a release of chemicals (molecules) known as neurotransmitters is induced. 46

Neurons Sending Messages • The neurotransmitter molecules travel across the synaptic cleft and bind to specialized receptors on the muscle cell. • When the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, electrical activity is induced in the muscle and this causes a complex series of biochemical events to occur within the muscle cell that results in muscle contraction and movement of body parts. 47

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