Natural and man-made disasters assessment 1.01 Prof. R. Nagarajan, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Lesson 1 Natural and man-made disasters assessment 1.01 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Lesson 1.1 Natural and man-made disasters 1.1.01 1.02 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management An quantitative and qualitative difference between routine accidents and disasters should be made. It is granted that a disaster is not simply a bigger accident than usual. Accidents are always unintentional, and they usually result in some damage or injury. Disaster is defined as a sudden calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, or destruction; a sudden or great misfortune or failure. A disaster may come on quickly and without warning. In disasters event , organizations have to • Massive convergence with more and unfamiliar groups • Adjust to losing part of their autonomy and freedom of action • Apply different performance standards • Operate within a closer than usual public and private sector interfaces 1.1.02 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Emergency is defined as an unforeseen combination of circumstances or the resulting state that calls for immediate action; an urgent need for assistance or relief. It is a situation which may be an impending crisis, and is always something that requires quick or immediate attention Catastrophe • Most or all of the community built structure is heavily impacted • Local officials are unable to undertake their usual work roles • Everyday community functions are sharply and simultaneously interrupted. • Help from nearby communities cannot be provided. 1.1.03 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Natural disasters Any catastrophic event that is caused by nature or the natural processes of the earth. The severity of a disaster is measured in lives lost, economic loss, and the ability of the population to rebuild. Events that occur in unpopulated areas are not considered disasters. Man-made disaster is a disastrous event caused directly and principally by one or more identifiable deliberate or negligent human actions. 1.1.04 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Natural disasters Land - Geological Atmosphere - Meteorology disasters Volcanic eruptions Blizzards Earthquake Cyclonic storms Tsunami Droughts Landslide / Avalanches Thunder storms Hailstorms Water - Hydrology Heat waves Floods Tornadoes Drought / Famine Limnic eruptions Fire - Wildfires Tsunami Space Astroid, Meteorite Impact events Solar flare 1.1.05 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Natural Hazards (origin) Terrestrial hazards originate inside the earth or its atmosphere are called terrestrial hazards. Endo-genic Hazards- originate inside the surface of the earth are termed as endogenic hazards - Volcanic, Earthquake Exo-genic Hazards originate above the surface of the earth in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Hazards originate in the atmosphere of the earth. These include cyclones, tornadoes, droughts, thunderstorms etc. Drought, Rainfall, Snowfall, Winds, Hailstorm Hydrospheric Hazards are related to water in the atmosphere- Wave Currents, Tsunamis, Floods Lithospheric Hazards occur near to the surface of the earth - Landslides, weathering, erosion, shifting, avalanches, sink Holes 1.1.06 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Biotic Hazards originate through plants, animals or humans. Floral Hazards (Plants) - originate from plant life. Faunal hazards (Animals) Anthropogenic Hazards (Man Induced) Physical - Earthquake, Landslide, Erosion Chemical - Release of Toxic Chemical, Nuclear Explosion Biological- Eutrophication, Population Explosion Extra-Terrestrial hazards originate outside the earth and its atmosphere are called extra-terrestrial hazards- meteorites, astroid 1.1.07 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Contents Man-made disaster is a disastrous event caused directly and principally by 1 Societal hazards one or more identifiable deliberate or negligent human actions. 1.1 Criminality 1.2 Civil disorder 1.3 Terrorism Nuclear disaster 1.4 War 1.5 Industrial hazards 1.6 Engineering hazards 1.7 Waste disposal Biological 1.8 Power outage 1.9 Fire 2 Hazardous materials Chemical 2.1 Organohalogens 2.2 Toxic metals 2.3 Radioactive materials Transportation – surface, air, water 2.4 CBRNs 2.5 Transportation 2.5.1 Aviation 2.5.2 Rail Terrorism 2.5.3 Road 2.5.4 Space 2.5.5 Sea travel Epidemic 3 Environmental hazard 1.1.08 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Origins of Disasters 3.Tectonics and tellurics Natural −Earthquakes 1.Meteorological −Volcanic eruptions −Hurricanes, cyclones, tornadoes, typhoons 4.Epidemics −Heavy rains, thunderstorms, floods, snow -storms −Yellow fever −Drought and famine −Cholera −Heat waves, cold waves −Meningitis 2.Topographical 5.Infestations −Landslides and avalanches −Locust invasions −Mealy bug infestation Technical and man-made • Wars and Civil Strife •Industrial disasters •Large scale accidents, fires, explosions •Environmental contamination •Structural failures (dams, mines) 1.1.09 1.02 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Predictability Characterisation of disasters Short-term (for avoiding action) Long-term (for structural and non-structural adjustment) Physical occurrence Controllability Probability can physical processes be modified? Frequency Can physical energy expenditure be reduced? Transience (duration) Can effects be mitigated? Physical magnitude Can effects be modified? Energy expenditure Socio-cultural factors Physical effects: direct, indirect and Belief systems inherent in societies secondary Degree of knowledge of risk Area effected: directly and indirectly Complexity of social system and its constituent Degree of spatial concentration or ubiquity groups Volume of products (lava, floodwaters) Ecological factors Environmental damage propensity. Environment compatibility of mitigation measures. 1.1.10 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management 1.1.11 1.02 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Disaster management cycle Disaster phase - The phase during which the event of the disaster takes place. This phase is characterized by profound damage to the human society. Response phase - This is the period that immediately follows the occurrence of the disaster. The needs of the population during this phase are immediate medical help, food, clothing and shelter. Recovery/ Rehabilitation phase - realize the impact of disaster & perceive the meaning of the loss. intensive mental support so as to facilitate recovery. Risk Reduction/ Mitigation phase - certain measures which may be needed to reduce the extent or impact of damage during the next similar disaster. making the impact less severe is called Mitigation. Preparedness phase - education on warning signs of disasters, methods of safe and successful evacuation and first aid measures. 1.1.12 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management GNR 639 Hurricane It is an intense, rotating oceanic weather system that possesses maximum sustained winds exceeding 119 km/hr, forms and intensifies over tropical oceanic regions. 500 km in diameter. The air spirals inward in a counterclockwise direction at the ocean’s surface. Eventually turning into clockwise (anti cyclonic) outflow near the top of the storm, this cyclonic circulation becomes weaker with height. Winter Storms and Extreme Cold Heavy snowfall and extreme cold can immobilize an entire region. Even areas that normally experience mild winters can be hit with extreme cold or a major snowstorm. Winter storms can result in closed highways, flooding, downed power lines, blocked roads, storm surge and hypothermia. Lightning / Thunderstorm All thunderstorms are dangerous. Every thunderstorm produces lightning. In the United States, an average of three hundred people are injured and eighty people are killed each year by lightning. People struck by lightning often report a variety of long-term, debilitating symptoms, although most lightning victims do survive. Other associated dangers of thunderstorms include tornadoes, strong winds, hail, and flash flooding. Flash flooding is responsible for more fatalities — more than one hundred and forty yearly — than any other thunderstorm associated hazard. 1.1.13 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Heat wave Heat kills by pushing the human body beyond its limits. Evaporation is slowed and the body must work extra hard to maintain a normal temperature in conditions of extreme heat and high humidity. Most heat disorders happen because the victim has been overexposed to heat or has over-exercised for his or her age and physical condition. Older adults, young children, and those who are sick or overweight are more likely to succumb to extreme heat. Cold wave 1.1.14 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay

GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management 1.1.15 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay