Native Americans EDFI 4080 Alyssa, Josh, Melissa, JP, Beth, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Native Americans EDFI 4080 Alyssa, Josh, Melissa, JP, Beth, Betsy

History  1492 - The first European encounter with Native Americans.  From the 15th through the 19th • Tuliap students in school uniform pose behind 2 priests, Washington State, centuries , the population of Native ca.1865. Americans declined.  1790 - The first U.S.  March 26, 1804 U.S. Government  1823 - Johnson v. McIntosh Supreme Court decision  1829-1909 – Geronimo: Apache Indian Chief

History  1830 - On May 28th, the Indian Removal Act was passed  1831 & 1832 - Two U.S. Supreme Court cases change the nature of tribal sovereignty  1862 - Congress passes the Homestead Act  18?? – 1877 – Cochise: Apache Chief  1871 – Indian Appropriation Act  19th century , forced assimilation. Motto: “Kill the Indian, save the man.”  1893 – Indian Education Act

History  1917 – Native Americans & WWI  1924 – Indian Citizen Act  1965-1973 – Native Americans & Vietnam War  1980 - United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians – U.S. Supreme Court ruling  1996 - National American Indian Heritage Month  Sovereignty: a body of people composed of one or more nationalities usually with its own territory and government.

American Indian Boarding Schools:  The Struggle for Educating Native  The inequality that Native Americans American Children in Today’s Public experienced through American Indian School Systems boarding schools is difficult to understand, but doing so will allow for a  In 1878 Captain Richard H. Pratt better connection between public school opened the first American Indian educators and Native American families. boarding school, located in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.  Upon arrival at the schools the children were immediately submersed into a whole new lifestyle.  The independence that students acquired through learning their specified trades, as well as by being separated from their families and homes, turned many students against their parents.

There are five things that educators need to know regarding Native American students.

Native American Population U.S. Census Bureau 2006-2008 Community Survey 2,419,895 1% NATIVE AMERICAN 304,374,846 U.S. TOTAL 99%

Native American Family Poverty U.S. Census Bureau 2006-2008 Community Survey Total of families Below Poverty Level 21% 79%

Native American Population by State

Native American Employment Rates UNEMPLOYED, 12% TOTAL IN LABOR FORCE 60.30% EMPLOYED, 52.60%

High School Graduation Rate 2000 U.S. Census High School Graduate Native 42% Americans 25 yrs & older 58%

Higher Education 2000 U.S. Census Bachelor's Degree or Higher 11% Native Americans 25 yrs & older 89%

Median Income 2000 U.S. Census 41,994 30,693 Native American Median Income U.S. Median Income

Business Owners 2000 U.S. Census Business Owners U.S. 2000 Census 22,974655 6,478,852 28.2% 20,677 1,562,276 62,123 .9% 110,278 6.8% 5.2% 4.8% Total Number African Native Indian Asian Hispanic Women of Firms American

More Facts… Languages 381,000 The number of people 5 years and older who speak a native North American language at home. The most common language is Navajo, spoken by 178,014. (Source:<http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/phc-t20.html>) Education 76% The percentage of American Indians and Alaska natives age 25 and older who have at least a high school diploma. Also, 14 percent have at least a bachelor’s degree. (Source: American FactFinder) Veterans 185,000 The number of American Indian and Alaska native veterans of the U.S. armed forces. (Source: American FactFinder)

Stereotyping

Communication Styles  Respect boundaries  Natural order of things  Highly value listening  Silence denotes respect

Gender Issues Graduation Rates • 74% for males and 77% for female College enrollment 2006 61% of Native American females 39% of Native American males Associates degrees awarded to Native Americans 60% of degrees given were to females 40% to males *The same statistic is true for bachelor’s degrees. Native American median income levels Male – 40,000 Female- 28,000

Culture  Three obstacles to providing better instruction for and about American Indians .  lack of training provided by teacher training programs  ongoing racist portrayals of Native Americans in the larger society  difficulties in locating sources of trustworthy materials.  Individual tribes have differing stories of Creation . One set of themes found in some tribes describes that in the beginning, the world was populated by many people. Most were subsequently transformed into animals. Natives thus feel a close bond with animals because of their shared human ancestry.  Religious belief is grounded in the belief that anua (souls) exist in all people and animals.  Consider peyote to be a sacred plant that allows them to communicate with deceased relatives and with God and to treat people suffering from spiritual or psychical maladies.

Culture continued…  American Indian sports mascots – Negative portrayals by the Atlanta Braves, Cleveland Indians, and Washington Redskins to name a few.  Dance – for special occasions like weddings or to celebrate the new harvest.  Legends - Native Americans are great storytellers. They have many legends. They told stories that taught lessons and were passed from one generation to another. These legends help save the culture and traditions of many tribes.  Medicine - Native Americans knew a lot about healing and natural medicine. The medicine included herbs…and spirits! Native Americans believed that people should live in harmony with nature and you heal by returning people to that harmony. Most of the tribes had special "medicine" men and women who did the healing.

… Culture  Pottery – a very old art usually made from clay.  Jewelry - The things tribes use for making jewelry were also used for trading. They traded beads, shells, silver, turquoise and amber. There are two types of jewelry: beadwork and metalwork. For beadwork, they carved shells, stones, copper, and wood. They beaded pieces of leather, their clothing and decorations. Metal was mainly etched before European settlers came.

Instructional Strategies  Understand Native Americans. Make sure you take in account that they are very proud people and that their culture and way of life is very important to them.  Make accommodations for language.  Know that Native Americans think and learn a different way then other cultures.  Ethno science is the methods, thought processes, mind sets values, concepts, and experiences by which Native American groups understand, reflect, and obtain empirical knowledge about the natural world.  Try different ways to teach and make sure that Native Americans students will benefit from it.  Do not stereotype. There are different types of Native Americans and each have their own beliefs.

References Axelson, J.A. (1985). Counseling and development in a multicultural society . Monterey. Brooks/Cole. Demmert, W., & Towner, J. (2003). A review of the research literature on the influences of culturally based education on the academics performance of Native American studies . Retrieved March 2, 2010, from http://www.nwrel.org/indianed/cbe.pdf Diller, J. V., & Moule, J. (2005). Cultural competence: A primer for educators . Belmont. Thomson Wadsworth. Matters. (2010). The U.S. survey course on the web. “ Kill the Indian, and save the man”: Capt. Richard H. Pratt on the education of Native Americans. Retrieved April 20, 2010, from http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4929/

References Holm, T. (2005). The great confusion in Indian affairs: Native Americans and whites in the progressive era. Austin: University of Texas Press. Legends of America. (2010). Native American timeline . Retrieved April 20, 2010, from http://www.legendsofamerica.com/na-timeline6.html National Center for Education Statistics. (2009). National Indian Education Study. The nation’s report card: Study overview. Retrieved April 17, 2010 from http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/nies/nies_2007/n0001.asp Reese, D. Critical perspectives of indigenous peoples in children's books, the school curriculum, popular culture, and society-at-large. American Indians in children’s literature . Retrieved from http://americanindiansinchildrensliterature.com/ United Census Bureau (2008). Available. htp://factfinder.census.gov/servlet / ReferenceMapFramesetServlet

References Trabich, L. Native American genocide still haunts United States . An end to intolerance. 1997. Vol.5. Retrieved April 18, 2010 from, http://iearn.org/hgp/aeti/aeti-1997/ native-americans.html U.S. Census Bureau (2008). Available. htp://factfinder.census.gov/servlet / ReferenceMapFramesetServlet www.alternativespirituality.suite101.com/article.cfm/peyote_cactus_in_native_american_tr aditions www.religioustolerance.org/nataspir3.htm www.hanksville.org/storytellers/pewe/writing/Fluff.html www.library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00019/id37.htm