by by R. Chi hidam dambara aram Princ ncipal al Scientifi fic c Adv dviser er to Go o Govt. . of of Indi dia & DAE-Homi mi Bha habha ha Prof ofess ssor, r, Bha habha Atom omic Research rch Centre, re, Mum umbai, bai, Indi dia National Institute of Ocean Technology Foundation Day Lecture, Chennai, November 4, 2011
National Institute of Ocean Technology The only Civi vilian Institut ute e of the Country ry for Research, arch, Deve velopmen opment & Technol nolog ogy y Demonstrat onstration ion in the area a of Ocean Technol hnology. ogy. Wide – ranging ing interests ests and world-cl clas ass s facilities ties for: r: - Low Temp p Thermal rmal Desalinat nation on using g waste te heat from m thermal ermal power er plant. - Deep Se Sea Technology nology & Ocean Mining. - Coast stal al & Environmen nmental tal Engineeri ering ng - St Studies es related ed to Antarctica, ica, Tsun unami ami Warning, g, etc., ., - Marine ne Biotechnology chnology - Marine ne Se Sensors ors and Electroni onics cs. - …….
Devel Developme opment nt tha that “meets the the needs needs of of the the pr present esent wi with thout out compromisi ompromising ng the the ab abili ility ty of of fut futur ure generati generations ons to to meet meet their their own own needs” . (Brun undtl tlan and Comm mmission ission Report, rt, 1997) 97) Energ Energy Securit Security is is an an essent esse ntial ial com ompo pone nent nt of of Su Susta taina nable ble De Devel elop opment ment.
Variation of Human Development Index(HDI) with respect to PCEC 1.0 Percentages indicate female literacy 0.9 99.3% Percentage Literacy (India) Human Development Index in 2007 0.8 M F 89.1% 86.9% 2001 74 54 86.8% India of our 0.7 2011 85 65 85.7% Dreams 0.6 Source: Census 2011 0.5 India now 0.4 32.7% 0.3 References: 0.2 Human Development Report, 2009 World Bank, 2010 0.1 World Factbook, CIA 0.0 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Per Capita Electricity Consumption in 2007 (kWh/capita/year) R. Chidambaram 2011 4
IGCAR Advanced Design Analysis Materials Development Manufacturing Technology Testing and Evaluation 800 MWe Advanced Ultra Super Critical Power Plant BHEL NTPC Development, Design & Manufacture MOU of Power Cycle Equipment, System Detailed Project Report Engineering, Project Management & Test Loops and Evaluation Operation and Maintenance Synergy The National Knowledge Network will help in linking these institutions
“The est estima imates tes made made he here re indic indicat ate that that eve even wit with a frugal ugal per per capi apita ta electricity electricity need need of of 20 2000 00 kWh/ kWh/ann annum* and and a st stabili abilized zed popu population lation of of 17 1700 00 milli million by by 2070 2070, India ndia wou ould ld need need to to ge genera nerate te 34 3400 00 TWh TWh/yr yr. As As oppos opposed ed to to this, this, a syste systemati matic anal analysis ysis of of the the infor informati mation av availa ailabl ble on on all all the the re renew newable able energy nergy so sources urces indic indicat ates es that that the the to total tal pote potenti ntial al is is only nly aroun around 1229 1229 TWh TWh/yr yr . (438 438 TWh TWh/yr yr. from So Sola lar). It It is is concluded concluded that that in in the the fut future ure as as fossil fossil fuel uels are are exh exhaus austed, ted, re renew newable able so sources urces alo alone ne wil will no not suf suffice fice for for me meeti ting ng India‟s ne needs. ” S. P. Sukhatme, Current Science, Vol.101(5), 10 September, 2011 * Th This, is, as as Dr Dr. Sukh Sukhatme atme says says, is is a frugal frugal estimate estimate. My My estimate estimate of of th the per per capita ta electr ctricity icity need ed , befo fore re India becomes mes a „developed‟ country ry in in th the full sense of of the term , is is at at least three ee times es higher er.
Nuclear Desalination- Hybrid MSF-RO, Kalpakkam It is the largest nuclear desalination plant in the world based on hybrid technology. NDDP Kalpakkam – MSF NDDP Kalpakkam-RO 4.5 Million Litres per Day (MLD) 1.8 MLD capacity Stages: 39 Product Quality: Drinking water Product Quality: Distilled 2-5 ppm (WHO quality) Solar Energy can also be used. (Courtesy : P.K. Tewari, BARC) Nuclear is, of course, Power. But its impact branches out to medicine, agriculture and other societal needs.
An Example of RuTAG/HESCO-BARC work in Uttarakhand (RuTAG is an Open Platform Innovation Strategy of PSA’s office) Identification of Recharge Zones to Drying Springs in Gaucher Here springs are the only available source of water for domestic and agricultural use. Techniques applied include; Measurement of environmental stable isotopic ratios of 18O/16O, 2H/1H and environmentally radioactive tritium. Geomorphologic and hydrogeological data. Based on the above analysis, artificial recharge structures were constructed at selected locations. The rate of discharge increased three to nine times in many springs and also two new springs sprang up. Almost all the springs have become perennial. from K. Shivanna, Gursharan Singh, A.P. Joshi et al, Current Science(2008)
a. Subsurface dykes; b. New spring that appeared subsequently from K. Shivanna, Gursharan Singh, A.P. Joshi et al, Current Science(2008)
“Expanded use of nuclear technologies offers immense potential to meet important development needs. In fact, to satisfy energy demands and to mitigate the threat of climate change – two of the 21 st century’s greatest challenges – there are major opportunities for expansion of nuclear energy in those countries that choose to have it” . from Report on “The Role of the IAEA to 2020 and Beyond”, prepared by an independent Commission at the request of the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency – 2008. I was a member of this Commission. Lessons have been learnt from the recent Fukushima accident, particularly on the continued functioning of post-shutdown cooling systems after even remotely possible extreme natural events. Such safety reviews have been carried out in all leading nuclear countries in the world including India. But the above conclusion on the importance of the nuclear energy option remains unchanged.
20000 18000 South Korea 17705 China 16810 16000 India Net Electrical Power MW(e) 14000 12990 12000 10000 9115 8000 8438 7220 6000 6587 3984 4000 2993 2508 2188 3580 2000 1324 1143 832 2188 606 420 1746 0 0 0 564 0 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Years Large energy-stressed countries like India and China, in particular, desperately Source IAEA-PRIS need nuclear power inputs.
Nuclear Growth in USA & France 110000 98145 100683 98068 100000 96297 96228 USA France 90000 Net Electrical Power MW(e) 80000 74401 70000 60000 63260 63080 63130 58573 50881 55808 50000 40000 35891 37468 30000 20000 10000 14388 6333 0 2931 1710 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source IAEA-PRIS Years If If you you are are at at th the top top of of th the HDI HDI Cur Curve, ve, you you ca can afford afford to to ignore ignore new ew nucl nuclear ear ene energ rgy in inpu puts ts (in (in the short term) m).
IAEA General Conference, Vienna, September, 2011: Gist of points in select member-States statements (This meeting was held six months after the Fukushima accident) Canada: Nuclear Power will continue to play a vital role in supplying energy. China: Used the Chinese proverb: ‘Should not stop eating for fear of choking !’ Republic of Korea: ROK is transitioning from recipient of nuclear Technology to a provider. Russian Federation: It will continue developing nuclear energy, considering the lesson from the accident at the Fukushima NPP. UK : Its National Policy Statement for Nuclear Power was published in July, 2011, and includes a list of eight potential sites for new builds.
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project : Salient Features • Advanced model of 2 x 1000 MWe VVER (Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)) type reactors have the state of art safety features. • Double containment- hermetically sealed. • Passive Heat Removal System. • Redundant safety systems (4x 100 %). • Additional shut down systems. • Core Catcher System. • State of art instrumentation systems Courtesy: MK Balaji
Courtesy: MK Balaji No tsunami risk to the Kudankulam Plants
Courtesy: MK Balaji
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