Multicast- -Enabled Landmark Enabled Landmark Multicast (M- - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Multicast- -Enabled Landmark Enabled Landmark Multicast (M- -LANMAR) : LANMAR) : (M Implementation and scalability Implementation and scalability YunJung Yi, Mario Gerla, JS Park, Yi, Mario Gerla, JS Park, Yeng Yeng Lee, SW Lee Lee, SW Lee YunJung Computer Science Dept Computer Science Dept University of California, Los Angeles University of California, Los Angeles

The AINS Scenario The AINS Scenario FLIR FLIR

LANMAR LANMAR � Key insight: Key insight: nodes move in teams/swarms nodes move in teams/swarms � � Each team is mapped into a Each team is mapped into a logical subnet logical subnet � � IP IP- -like Node address like Node address = <subnet, host> = <subnet, host> � � Address compatible with IPv6 Address compatible with IPv6 � � Team leader Team leader (Landmark) (Landmark) elected in each group elected in each group � Landmark Landmark Logical Subnet Logical Subnet

LANMAR (cont) LANMAR (cont) � Three main components in LANMAR: Three main components in LANMAR: � (1) (1) “local ” routing “local ” routing algorithm that keeps accurate algorithm that keeps accurate routes within local scope < k hops (e.g., Distance routes within local scope < k hops (e.g., Distance Vector) Vector) � (2) (2) Landmark selection Landmark selection within each logical group within each logical group � (3) (3) Landmark routes Landmark routes advertised to all nodes advertised to all nodes Landmark Landmark Logical Subnet Logical Subnet

LANMAR (cont) LANMAR (cont) � A packet to A packet to “local” destination “local” destination is routed directly using is routed directly using local tables local tables � A packet to A packet to remote destination remote destination is routed to is routed to corresponding Landmark corresponding Landmark � Once the packet is Once the packet is “in sight” of Landmark “in sight” of Landmark, the direct , the direct route is found in local tables. route is found in local tables. Main benefit: routing O/H reduction Main benefit: routing O/H reduction => => scalability scalability Landmark Landmark Logical Subnet Logical Subnet

LANMAR Review LANMAR Review LM2 LM1 Landmark Landmark Logical Subnet Logical Subnet LM3 dest dest source source local routing Long haul routing 1. Node address = {subnet ID, Host ID} 2. Lookup local routing table to locate dest � fail 3. Look up landmark table to find destination subnet � LM1 4. Send a packet toward LM1

Scalable Ad hoc Scalable Ad hoc multicasting multicasting � Multicast ( Multicast (ie ie, transmit same message to all , transmit same message to all � member of a group) critical in battlefield member of a group) critical in battlefield � “Multiple “Multiple unicast unicast” does not scale ” does not scale � � Current ad hoc Current ad hoc multicast solutions: multicast solutions: inappropriate inappropriate � � They do not exploit affinity team model They do not exploit affinity team model � multicast tree approach is “fragile” to mobility; multicast tree approach is “fragile” to mobility; � no congestion control; no reliable end to end delivery no congestion control; no reliable end to end delivery � Proposed approach: Proposed approach: � � TEAM Multicast TEAM Multicast

Team Multicasting Swarm Swarm Leader Leader swarm swarm Command post Command post UAVs: - equipped with video, chemical sensors - read data from ground sensors - “fuse” sensor data inputs - multicast fused data to other teams

Multicast example Multicast example Command Post Attack! Attack! All Task Force Nodes Attack! Attack! Attack!

Tw o- -tier team multicast: M tier team multicast: M - - Tw o LANMAR LANMAR � Extension of LANMAR enabling Extension of LANMAR enabling � multicast multicast � Inter Inter- -team team communication: communication: unicast unicast � tunneling from the source to the tunneling from the source to the representative of each subscribed team representative of each subscribed team � Intra Intra- -team team communication: scoped communication: scoped � flooding within a team within a team flooding

M-LANMAR LM2 LM3 Subscribed Source node Teams LM4 Scope = 2 Flooding Tunneling to Scope = 2 landmarks Flooding

Advantages of M- -LANMAR LANMAR Advantages of M � Reduced control traffic overhead Reduced control traffic overhead � � Scalable Scalable to thousands of nodes to thousands of nodes � � Enhanced Enhanced Congestion control and Congestion control and � Reliability (because of TCP control on (because of TCP control on Reliability unicast tunnels) tunnels) unicast

M- -LANMAR multicast LANMAR multicast M

M- -LANMAR Implementation LANMAR Implementation M � User level User level M M- -LANMAR daemon LANMAR daemon on Linux on Linux � M M- -LANMAR daemon functions: LANMAR daemon functions: � LANMAR routing LANMAR routing � Group membership management Group membership management � Packet forwarding engine for tunneling and scoped flooding Packet forwarding engine for tunneling and scoped flooding � Compatible with any conventional multicast Compatible with any conventional multicast application (eg eg, , vic vic = = vi video deo c conferencing tool from onferencing tool from application ( UCB) UCB)

Testbed configuration configuration Testbed � 3 teams (= 3 IPv4 subnets), 1 sender, 3 receivers 3 teams (= 3 IPv4 subnets), 1 sender, 3 receivers Sender � Dell P4 laptop with Lucent Orinoco 802.11b Dell P4 laptop with Lucent Orinoco 802.11b pcmcia card card pcmcia � CBR traffic (512B/packet, 5~15 packets/sec) CBR traffic (512B/packet, 5~15 packets/sec) � Protocols: Protocols: ODMRP; M ODMRP; M- -LANMAR LANMAR

LANMAR Addressing in IPv4 � Each LANMAR group is an IPv4 subnet Each LANMAR group is an IPv4 subnet � � The address of a node then has format as <group The address of a node then has format as <group- - � ID, node- -ID> ID> ID, node LANMAR Group ID Node ID x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x Subnet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mask

LANMAR Addressing in IPv6 � “ “Limited Limited- -Scope Scope” ” IPv6 address format proposed in IETF IPv6 address format proposed in IETF � Internet draft (<draft- -templin templin- -lsareqts lsareqts- -00.txt) 00.txt) Internet draft (<draft 48 bits 16 bits 64 bits � LANMAR addressing: Keep the unique network ID field as LANMAR addressing: Keep the unique network ID field as � it is. Use the middle 16 bits to store group IDs. it is. Use the middle 16 bits to store group IDs. 48 bits 16 bits 64 bits Node ID Group-ID Network ID Subnet 00000000 … 0000000 0000 … 000 11 … 11 Mask

Experimental Results: Experimental Results: Delivery Ratio and Control Overhead Delivery Ratio and Control Overhead 1.2 2.5 1.0 2.0 Control Overhead Delivery ratio 0.8 1.5 0.6 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 5 10 15 5 10 15 Sending rate (packet/sec) Sending rate (packet/sec) M-LANMAR control overhead M-LANMAR delivery ratio ODMRP delivery ratio ODMRP control overhead � M-LANMAR has higher Delivery Ratio than ODMRP: unicast tunneling helps reliable data delivery as it incorporates RTS/CTS/ACK) � M-LANMAR has higher control overhead

Scalability Scalability � Objective: test M Objective: test M- -LANMAR scalability LANMAR scalability � � Compared with Compared with � � ODMRP ODMRP � Flooding Flooding � Simulation Environment Simulation Environment � � QualNet QualNet � 1000 nodes 1000 nodes forming forming 36 teams 36 teams on on 6000 x 6000 m 6000 x 6000 m 2 field field � CBR traffic ( CBR traffic (512 bytes 512 bytes/packet, 1packet/sec) /packet, 1packet/sec)

Simulation Results Simulation Results As the number of multicast groups increases As the number of multicast groups increases � � ODMRP suffers from large control overhead and collisions ODMRP suffers from large control overhead and collisions � M M- -LANMAR achieves high delivery ratio (by LANMAR achieves high delivery ratio (by unicast unicast tunneling and flooding) tunneling and flooding)

Multiple Unicast Unicast v.s v.s. Mesh . Mesh Multiple Structure Structure source Team Multicast-Multiple Uni Team Mutlicast-MESH 0.9 0.8 0.7 Delivery Ratio 0.6 0.5 0.4 landmark 0.3 0.2 � Builds a mesh Builds a mesh � 0.1 0 between landmarks between landmarks 2 m/s 10 m/s 15 m/s 20 m/s � Load Balancing Load Balancing Mobility (meter/sec) � Better Reliability Better Reliability