Mobile Communications Wireless Telecommunication Systems Systems - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mobile Communications Wireless Telecommunication Systems Systems  Generation 1 (1G)  Generation 3 (3G)  Generation 2 (2G)  Generation 4 (4G)  Generation 2.5 (2.5G)  TETRA Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 1

History Mobile Communication: transmission of signals and o messages between stations from which at least one is mobile b t t ti f hi h t l t i bil Goes back to the 1920’s: public wireless radio system o operated by the train in Germany (Reichsbahn) p y y ( ) 1946 first portable mobile telephone in the US: 18kg, 8min. o battery life 1957 fi 1957 first mobile telecommuncation system in Germany t bil t l ti t i G o (nowadays called PLMTS stands for Public Land Mobile Telecommunications System) so called A-system, manually switched, 137 calling zones 1972 start of operation of the B-System, automatic switching, o but separate phone number in each calling zone (i.e. one had but separate phone number in each calling zone (i.e. one had to know who is where, if that one is to be called) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 2

History 1981 first analog cellular system with fixed number for o subscribers, automatic handover between cells. NMT 450 in b ib t ti h d b t ll NMT 450 i Scandinavia. This is sometimes called 1 st generation (1G) . 1981 C-Netz in Germany, analog, in operation until 2001 y, g, p o 1982 work begins on a standard for a pan-European digital o PLMTS which offers new services (SMS, call forwarding, …) by Group Speciale mobile (GSM) by Group Speciale mobile (GSM) 1987 "Memorandum of Understanding" signed by 18 o countries to deploy „GSM“ (now “Global System for Mobile Communication”). In 1988 the standards were taken over by ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute). This is a system of the 2 nd Generation (2G) y ( ) 1992 first GSM networks in operation o 1993 one million subscribers to GSM o Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 3

History 1998 introduction of GSM 1800 o 1999 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) o 1999 HSCSD o 2000 GPRS Generation 2 5 (2 5G) 2000 GPRS, Generation 2.5 (2.5G) o o 25.9.2002 first operation of a 3 rd Generation (3G) network in o Europa (UMTS) in Austria 2006 NTT DoCoMo starts 4 th Generation (4G) trial network in o in Yokosuka in Japan. Maximum transmission rate 2,5 Gigabit pro Sekunde. pro Sekunde. 2007 4G trial networks with100 Gigabit/s at 10 km/h o First 4G-Networks on the Basis of LTE (Long Term Evolution) o in 2011 Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 4

Main characteristics of different generations Generation 0 (0G): calling zones, no handover o Generation 1 (1G): analog, uniform subscriber o number handover between cells number, handover between cells Generation 2 (2G): fully digital o Generation 2.5 (2.5G): data transmission o Generation 3 (3G): G ti 3 (3G) b broad band digital d b d di it l o Generation 4 (4G): Generation 4 (4G): all IP based, broad band, high all IP based, broad band, high o o speed Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 5

Generation 1 (1G) wasn’t the beginning of mobile communication, but the o beginning of cellular with handover and roaming between some b i i f ll l ith h d d i b t network operators analog transmission of user channels, mostly for speech only g , y p y o already digital signalling for switching purposes o no dominant standard: o Nordic Mobile Telephone NMT-450 und NMT-900 o Total Access Communication System (TACS), Japan, GB o Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS) in US Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS) in US o o C-Netz (Germany) o Radiocomm 2000 (France) ( ) o Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 6

Generation 1 (1G) Example C-Netz (Germany) Technical features: o speech and signalling is transmitted in parallel (in band) speech and signalling is transmitted in parallel (in band) o o speech from 300 to 3400 Hz o downlink 461,30 to 465,74 MHz o uplink 451,30 to 455,74 MHz o duplex separation10 MHz o channel separation 20 kHz (222 channels) o transmit power 5mW to 15W o Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 7

Generation 1 (1G) cell radius 2km – 20km cell around base station switching system Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 8

Generation 1 (1G) Sender divides speech signal o into blocks of 12 5 ms into blocks of 12,5 ms compression of the blocks o results in extra time slots of 1 1 ms 1,1 ms extra time slots are used to o transmit signalling information, e.g. handover, … Receiver separates signalling o data from speech and data from speech and decompresses the signal Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 9

Generation 1 (1G) Already in the first generation the smallest part of the transmission path o is done wireless is done wireless cellular user air interface core network Hand n t er Handynutzer fixed network core network gateway Generation 1 (1G) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 10

Generation 2 (2G) digital for user traffics and signalling o higher capacity, wider spectrum than 1G hi h it id t th 1G o hierarchical cell structure: o Generation 1 (1G) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 11

Generation 2 (2G) Main standards Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) o Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) g ( ) o IS-95 o Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) o Generation 1 (1G) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 12

Generation 2 (2G) - GSM Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is the most successful o cellular system worldwide >80% market share cellular system worldwide, >80% market share 1988 first trials of GSM, 1991 first network in operation o 1993 first million o 1993 first implementations outside Europe (Australia, New Zeeland, o Hongkong) 2011 approx. 5 million subscribers (http://www.gsmworld.com) pp ( p g ) o Coverage map (http://www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo) o Operations in different bands, e.g. 450MHz, 850MHz , 900MHz, o 1800MHz 1900MHz 1800MHz, 1900MHz, … Roaming contracts between operators result in a single world wide o network Generation 1 (1G) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 13

Generation 2 (2G) - GSM Coverage by China Mobile source: GSM Association Generation 1 (1G) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 14

Generation 2 (2G) - GSM Coverage by AT&T Mobile source: GSM Association Generation 1 (1G) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 15

Generation 2 (2G) - GSM Coverage by Radiomovil (Mexico) source: GSM Association Generation 1 (1G) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 16

Generation 2 (2G) - GSM Coverage by E-Plus (Germany) source: GSM Association Generation 1 (1G) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 17

Generation 2 (2G) – GSM – system architecture VLR VLR HLR HLR fixed network, , BSC BSC (G)MSC Core Network Core Network (CN) BTS Base Station Subsystem (BSS) = Radio Access Network (RAN) ( ) Generation 1 (1G) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 18

Generation 2 (2G) – GSM components Mobile Station Mobile Station MS max. transmit power is 2-20W o MS only works with a SIM (Subscriber Identification Module): MS only works with a SIM (Subscriber Identification Module): o o smart card with memory o identifies the subscriber in the network o can store personal data such as address book o can be protected by PIN o Generation 1 (1G) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 19

Generation 2 (2G) – GSM components Base (Transceiver) Station Base (Transceiver) Station BTS is the “opposite” of the MS o is close to the center of a cell is close to the center of a cell o o Generation 1 (1G) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 20

Generation 2 (2G) – GSM components Base Station Controller Base Station Controller BSC supervises several base stations o frequency allocation frequency allocation o o handover functionality o Generation 1 (1G) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 21

Generation 2 (2G) – GSM components (G)MSC ( (Gateway) Mobil Switching Center y) g Interface to the fixed network o Complete switching system with all necessary routing Complete switching system with all necessary routing o o functionality to switch connections within the system and the outside Contains all relevant data for each of the subscribers of the Contains all relevant data for each of the subscribers of the o network that operates this (G)MSC Generation 1 (1G) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 22

Generation 2 (2G) – GSM components Home Location Register Home Location Register HLR is the “home” of a subscriber (actually the SIM) s e o e o a subsc be (ac ua y e S ) o o contains all relevant data of all subscribers o permanent data, e.g.: o IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identification Number) o is not identical with phone number shared secrets (keys) shared secrets (keys) o o information about supplementary services of each subscriber o temporal data, e.g. o address of the current VLR o destination for call forwarding o Generation 1 (1G) Mobile Communication Wireless Telecommunication 23