MINERAL CHELATION FACTS ON CHELATION IMPACT ON REPRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION OF GAIN JOEL F MANGALINDAN DVM Clinical Nutrition Practitioner www.agriaccess.com
MINERALS - constitute very small fraction of body weight and diet - vital components of wide variety of body form and functions - from bones to muscles to all organ and tissue enzyme functions DESCRIPTION - present in animal and plant tissues in "naturally chelated " form; attached to organic components like sugars, proteins, vitamins and other organic acids - traditional source of animal mineral supply
- intensified animal productivity increased animal mineral requirement and intensive/monoculture feed crop production depleted soil mineral content to such a levels that traditional sources can not meet requirement Extensive Intensive > inorganic mineral supplements used to fill gap
RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT INORGANIC MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS ARE NOT ABSORBABLE AS EXPECTED (<20% bioavailability) > VERY HIGH LEVELS OF UNABSORBED MINERALS IN THE MANURE/EFFLUENTS >SIGNIFICANTLY CONTRIBUTE TO FOULING UP OF SOILS AND WATER BODIES BY EFFLUENTS
SCIENCE CAME UP WITH AN EFFECTIVE YET ECONOMICALLY VIABLE SOLUTION MINERAL CHELATION
FATE OF INORGANIC MINERALS IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
In a normal stomach, the pH is 2-3.5. Acid pH is necessary for the activation of gastric enzyme pepsinogen to pepsin, responsible for the initial STOMA MACH digestion of proteins. pH pH NUTREX Current Nutrition Technology Exponents
FeSO 4 Inorganic Mineral compounds dissolve in the acidic pH in the stomach and Low pH dissociate into the metal and non-metal components. These Fe 2+ Fe 2+ are the forms that pass onto the intestines. SO SO 4 2- NUTREX Current Nutrition Technology Exponents
LIVER ER In the first part of the small intestines (duodenum) , bile STOM OMACH CH from the liver/gall bladder enters, and causes pH to rapidly elevate to alkaline (pH 7-7.2). PANCREA S The alkaline pH in the intestines is necessary to activate the INTES ESTINES NES other enzymes for digestion secreted by the pancreas.
High pH Fe Fe 2+ 2+ In the highly alkaline intestines Phosph phate tes (>pH7) free metal ions of the dissociated metal along with other anions precipitate and form insoluble and inabsorbable “ magma ”*. “MAGMA” forma fo mati tion (80- 85%) *causes gut disturbances Inabsor sorba bable!!! !!! Intest stinal Wall
Vitamins Vi Free metal ions also are Fe Fe 2+ 2+ attracted to and bind with vital nutrients like vitamins (esp. Vit C and A) and some reactive fibers forming a strong inabsorbable complex, in effect Iron-Vita tamin directly reducing vitamin Complex bioavailability INA NABSORBABLE!! Intest stinal Wall
Fe 2+ Fe 2+ Growth and colonization of GI tract by harmful , diarrhea causing bacteria like E.coli & Salmonella sp . are elemental iron dependent. Ionic iron (from Bacterium ( E.coli &/or disassociated inorg. Iron) Salmonella sp. ) ) actually feeds bacterial need and supports colonization Intest stinal Wall
SUMMARY : INORGANIC MINERAL INTERACTIONS IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Inorganic mineral salts disassociate at gastric pH (2-4), and precipitate at pH 5. More than 85% of minerals fed form precipitates at intestinal pH of 7-7.5 Interact with vitamins (especially Vit C and A) significantly reducing vitamin bioavailability Highly active Buffering of gastric acid > elevated gastric pH > reduced protein digestion (ex. 1% calcium carbonate in diet increases the gastric pH from 3 up to 5) Mineral precipitates form viscous magma which inhibit intestinal absorption processes and initiate intestinal distress Inorganic iron supports growth of harmful intestinal bacteria Increasing the dose of one in an attempt to correct a deficiency or for other purposes negatively affects absorption of the other/s
Interaction of Inorganic Minerals in a Biologic Environment
INCREASING THE DOSE OF PARTICULAR INORGANIC MINERALS TO MEET/ CURE DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS OR FOR ANTI-DIARRHEAL OR AGP MIMICKING REASONS MERELY INCREASES THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS The mode of action of high doses of zinc oxide and copper as antidiarrheal or as AGP like , is by inhibiting iron absorption by infectious microbes and thereby inhibiting their multiplication. But at the same time iron absorption by the animal is also inhibited - likely to be more harmful than beneficial INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF EXCESS SUPPLEMENTATION EXCESS Calcium depresses phosphorous, zinc and iron absorption Phosphorous depresses calcium, zinc, manganese and iron Zinc depresses copper, iron and calcium absorption Iron depresses phophorous and calcium absorption Copper depresses iron and zinc absorption *Lewis, Morris & Hand. Small Animal Clinical Nutrition.1992
- RATED TRUE* ABSORBABILITY OF COMMON INORGANIC MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS Iron, as Ferrous sulfate 4-20% Copper, as copper sulfate 10-15% Manganese, as manganese sulfate 6-15% Zinc, as zinc sulfate 5-13% Selenium, as sodium selenite less than 0.5% Chromium, as chromium chloride less than 0.5% --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------========================================================================================================= * As absorbed and retained, monogastrics Adopted fr: Minerals, Nutrient Req. for Swine, USNRC Release 98 Anderson R. 1996, J. of Trace Elements in Exp. Med., USDA ARS Standard Mineral Bioavailability estimates are expressed as a percentage of a recognized standard and do not refer to percentage absorbed and retained. Absorbed and retained mineral as a percentage of intake is usually under less than 50% of the intake. (Minerals; Nutrient Requirement for Swine. USNRC release 1998)
UPON ABSORPTION OF MINERAL IN THE SMALL INTESTINES - TO PORTAL CIRCULATION – TO LIVER “MINERAL POOL” FOR PROCESSING PRIOR TO RELEASE TO THE BLOODSTREAM
DEPENDING ON THE TISSUE NEEDS, in the liver: IONIC METALS ARE CHELATED TO FINAL FORM LIGANDS (specific amino acids & vitamins) METALS ALREADY ATTACHED/CHELATED TO NON- FINAL FORM LIGANDS ARE DETACHED AND METAL GOES TO POOL - EX. ZINC METHIONINE METALS ALREADY CHELATED TO FINAL FORM AMINOACIDS ARE COMPLETED PRIOR TO RELEASE TO THE BLOOD STREAM FINALLY TO THE TISSUE REQUIRING THEM
SOLUTION REACTIVE APPROACH - Inhibit interaction with gastric ph other organic materials - avoid precipitation at intestinal PH - add acidifiers LOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL APPROACH - Imitate NATURAL CHELATION of minerals
MINERAL CHELATION - Chemically attaching minerals, using a catalyst (AN ENZYME), to an organic acid (called a LIGAND) such as amino acids, sugars, fats, vitamins, etc., For the purpose of preventing interaction with gastric acids, intestinal ph, vitamins and other organic acids and improving absorbability and bioavailability Example: catalyst Amino acid - - Amino acid + + iron Iron-amino acid chelate ligands supply the 2 electrons and bonding process utilizes an enzyme catalyst forming a coordinate covalent bond A “WET PROCESS” AS WHAT OCCURS IN NATURAL CHELATION
R R C r Coordinate Covalent Bond R NUTREX Current Nutrition Technology Exponents
Effects of Chelation 1. Chemically binds the positive valence of the metal to the negative valence of the ligand > resulting complex is non- reactive to ph changes and to other organic materials (vitamins, phytic acid, etc) in the gut 2. Helps preserve vitamins and other nutrients which will otherwise be precipitated with the minerals and rendered inabsorbable 3. The mineral assumes the inherent solubility and absorbability of the ligand IN EFFECT - the intestines absorb the ligand and with it the Mineral 4. Drastically improves bioavailability of the minerals
LIGAND SELECTION CRITERIA 1. Must be highly soluble and absorbable in a wide ph range 2. Must produce a stable bond with the metal 3. Must not react with other organic materials and to pH changes in the gut 4. Must be one, two or all of the components of the FINAL FUNCTIONAL FORM of the metal in the body – faster utilization and maximized bioavailability
FINAL FUNCTIONAL FORMS OF MINERALS IN THE BODY Metalo-organic chelates as existing in the body are made up of one, two or all of the three aminoacids – glycine, cysteine and glutamic acid - plus a vitamin as cofactor. Chromium, for example, in the final form of Glucose Tolerance Factor(GTF), is composed of Cr + glycine + cysteine + glutamic acid + nicotinic acid Selenium, as Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) is composed of Se + cys (+ gly/glut) + Vit. E.
DEFINITIONS AAFCO 1987 Metal-amino acid chelate - Product resulting from chelation of a metal salt with amino acids with a mole ratio of 1 mole of metal with 1 to 3 moles of amino acids to form coordinate covalent bonds. The average weight of the hydrolyzed amino acids must be approximately 150 and the resulting chelate must not exceed 800. Metal (mineral) proteinate - Product resulting from chelation of a metal salt with amino acids and/or partially hydrolyzed protein
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