Midterm review 98-348: Lecture 6 Midterm logistics Next week in - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Midterm review 98-348: Lecture 6

Midterm logistics • Next week in class (Oct 16 th ) • Worth 30% of your grade • Should look like Homework 3 and 4 • 2 short answers • 2 declensions • 2 weak conjugation • 2 gloss-and-translations (weak verbs only) • 1 reading exercise (anything is fair game but you will be given hints)

Topics • Declension • Conjugation • Translations • The Midterm Cheatsheet

Declension • Inflection of nouns • Strong vs. weak • Gender: Masculine , feminine and neuter • The hints for Homework 3 are a great study guide 1. Find: what gender is it? 2. Find: strong or weak? 3. Are there any irregular forms?

Example: bálkr bálkr , m. (1) partition, balk (b. um þveran hellinn); (2) section in a code of laws ; (3) body, group, host . • Gender? • Strong or weak? • Hint: check the nom sg ending! • Any irregular forms? • Any problems?

Example: refill refill (dat. refli , pl. reflar ), m. tapestry, hangings . • Gender? • Strong or weak? • Any irregular forms? • Any problems?

Recap: Weirdness of r following a r / l / n / s Vowel r / l / n / s r Cons r / l / n / s r Stem Nom sg Stem Nom sg • r assimilates to r / l / n / s • r is dropped • tírr ( tír + r ) “glory, renown” • jarl ( jarl + r ) “poet; earl” • kapall ( kapal + r ) “pack - horse” • björn ( björn + r ) “bear” • morginn ( morgin + r ) “morning” • báss ( bás + r ) “ boose , stall” All of this only happens in nouns!

Example: þröng þröng (pl. þröngvar ), f. (1) throng crowd (varð þ. mikil); (2) narrow place (sumir vörðust í þröngunum); (3) fig. straits (alla þá þ. ok nauð, er hann þoldi); (4) short breath and cough (þá setti at honum þ. mikla). • Gender? • Strong or weak? • Any irregular forms? • Any problems?

Recap: back mutation • a rmr → + um ö rmum arm DAT;PL arm[DAT;PL] • b a rn → + Ø b ö rn child NOM;PL child[NOM;PL] • þ a kk → + Ø þ ö kk thank ACC;SG thank[ACC;SG] • s a kn → + a ð + u söknuðu miss PAST 3PL miss[PAST;3PL]

Example: hnoða hnoða , n. clew . • Gender? • Strong or weak? • Any irregular forms? • Any problems?

Compounds • Say you are looking for hofmaðr • Ctrl+F and search for that exact same word and you’ll get nothing b/c: • For a compound word 1 word 2 … word n , look for – word n in the page for word 1

Conjugation • Inflection of verbs • Strong vs weak • We’ve only looked at weak verbs in the present/past so far

4 types of weak verbs Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Vowel inserted in present singular a i ∅ i endings Dental inserted in að t / d / ð t / d / ð t / d / ð past endings • Vowel alternations in Type 3 weak verbs: e - a , y - u • telja (1sg past talda ), spyrja ( spurða ) • Irregular past stems in Type 2 weak verbs • sœkja (1sg past sótta ), þykkja ( þótti )

Effectively 6 types • Type 1 • Type 2 with regular past stem • Type 2 with irregular past stem • Type 3 without vowel alternation • Type 3 with vowel alternation • Type 4 • What kind of entries do they have in the dictionary?

How to read the dictionary • For each weak verb, the dictionary • Gives you the infinitive form = 3pl pres • May give you the 1sg pres • May give you the 1sg past • …

Type 1 svara ( að ), v. (1) to reply, answer , absol. or with double dat., s. e-m e-u (því mun ek s. þér um þetta, er satt er); (2) to answer (in a suit) ; s. máli fyrir e-n, to answer for one in a suit ; (3) s. fyrir e-n or e-t, to answer (be answerable, responsible) for (ek skal þar fyrir s.); s. skilum fyrir, to render account for .

Type 2 with regular past stem mæla ( -ta , -tr ), v. (1) to speak , with acc. and absol. (Flosi mælti ekki orð á meðan); m. mörgum orðum, to use many words ; m. e-n orðum, to address one ; m. máli, to speak a (foreign) language ; m. æðru, to express fear, despondency ; m. lög, to speak law, have law on one’s side in pleading ; m. málum, to plead a cause ; m. mælt mál, to speak what others say ; …

Type 2 with irregular past stem sœkja ( sœki , sótta , sóttr ), v. (1) to seek (hann ætlar at s. sér kirkjuvið ok siglir þegar á haf); þangat sœkir þik engi, no one will seek thee thither ; s. heilræði ok traust at e-m, to seek good counsel and help from one ; s. um liðveizlu við e-n, to call on one for support ; …

Type 3 without vowel alternation skilja ( skil , skilda ; skiliðr , later skildr , skilinn ), v. (1) to part, divide, separate (sú er nú kölluð Jökulsá ok skirl landsfjórðunga); skilr hann flokk sinn, he divides his band ; (2) to break off, break up (þessi sótt mun s. samvistu okkra); síðan skildu þau talit, they broke off their talk ; (3) to part company, take leave (skildu þeir með mikilli vináttu ); …

Type 3 with vowel alternation leggja ( legg , lagða , lagiðr , lagðr , laginn ), v. (1) to lay, place (Már hafði lagt höfuð sitt í kné Rannveigar); l. net, to lay a net ; (2) to put ; l. eld í, to put fire to ; l. söðul á hest, to put a saddle on a horse ; l. árar upp, to lay up the oars, give up pulling ; l. ofan segi, to haul down, take in the sails ; l. at jörðu, at velli ( or við jörðu, við velli), to overthrow, slay, kill ; l. hlut sinn, to lose one’s lot, be worsted ;

Type 4 segja ( segi , sagða , sagðr ), v. (1) to say, tell (seg þú mér þat, er ek spyr þik); þeir sögðu, at þeir skyldu aldri upp gefast, they said they would never yield ; s. e-m leið, to tell the way , esp. on the sea, to pilot ; s. tíðendi, to tell news ; impers. it is told (hér segir frá Birni bunu); sem áðr sagði, as was told before ; segjanda er allt vin sínum, all can be told to a friend ; …

Translations Sentences are projections of verbs, except not really, plus I never said that Eigi vörðuðu fé ok gripir svein. • Find a verb! • vörðuðu ? • gripir ? • Is it transitive or intransitive, i.e. does it take an object as well as a subject?

Translate to English! • A wizard placed an arrow on the child’s arms. • skratti m. “wizard” Strong or weak? • setja “set; place” Pres sg vowel? • barn n. “child” • á (dat.) “on …”

Gloss and translate! • Kali hafði góðan kaupeyri. • Kali is a proper noun. • góð-an a. “good - ACC;SG” • kaupeyrir m. “article of trade, wares, cargo” Strong or weak? What noun do you know that follows a similar declension? • Kali haf-ði kaupeyri- ∅ . góð-an ___ ______-___ good-ACC;SG _________-______ ‘____________________________________’

Gloss and translate! • Hrytr hundar spakta mik. • spekja ( spakta , spaktr ), v. to calm, soothe • hrytr m. “snoring” • hundr m. “dog” • Kali haf-ði kaupeyri- ∅ . góð-an ___ ______-___ good-ACC;SG _________-______ ‘____________________________________’

Good luck!