Measuring Historical Residential Segregation Measuring Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman Trevon Logan John Parman Ohio State University William & Mary Introduction Existing Segregation Measures Our Measure Segregation Across Space Segregation Over Time Segregation and its Correlates Conclusions NAACP March for Open Housing, Detroit, 1963
Measuring Motivation Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman There is a long history of racial discrimination in the Introduction United States Existing Tied in with this is evidence of persistent racial gaps in Segregation Measures health, education and employment outcomes Our Measure This project focuses on the role of residential Segregation Across Space segregation and its historical effects on black Americans Segregation Over Time Existing measures of segregation work for cities but Segregation and its don’t have a natural rural counterpart, limiting Correlates usefulness for a large chunk of history Conclusions Our solution is to construct a new segregation measure using household level data to observe races of next-door neighbors
Measuring Brief Overview of Paper Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman Using the 100% samples of the 1880 and 1940 federal censuses, we identify all household heads in a county Introduction living next to neighbors of a different race Existing Segregation Measures Comparing this number to the predicted number under Our Measure complete integration or complete segregation gives us a Segregation Across measure of the degree of residential segregation Space The measure reveals substantial heterogeneity in Segregation Over Time segregation across and within states in 1880 and 1940 Segregation and its Correlates It confirms that the rise in segregation in urban areas Conclusions was mirrored by a rise in rural areas as well Preliminary results suggest that segregation in 1880 had substantial impacts on health, education and violence as well as lingering effects today
Measuring Residential Segregation Over Time Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman Introduction There is a large literature linking residential segregation Existing to racial gaps in schooling, labor market outcomes, and Segregation Measures health Our Measure Most of this literature focuses on modern outcomes and Segregation Across Space modern segregation Segregation Over Time A lack of data has constrained exploring the historical Segregation and its evolution of residential segregation Correlates Cutler, Glaeser and Vigdor (1999) are an exception, Conclusions documenting the rise and fall of urban segregation levels
Measuring Residential Segregation Over Time Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman Introduction Existing Segregation Measures Our Measure Segregation Across Space Segregation Over Time Segregation and its Correlates Conclusions
Measuring Residential Segregation Over Time Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman Introduction Existing Segregation Measures Our Measure Segregation Across Space Segregation Over Time Segregation and its Correlates Conclusions
Measuring Residential Segregation Over Time Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman Cutler, Glaeser and Vigdor find substantial change in Introduction segregation patterns over time Existing Segregation in cities rose over the twentieth century as Segregation Measures black residents migrated to urban areas and the physical Our Measure size of segregated urban centers grew Segregation Across Space Segregation then began to fall in the 1970s as black Segregation Over residents moved out of city centers Time Segregation and its The rise in segregation is framed in part as a product of Correlates the Great Migration Conclusions Their work and subsequent work by Collins and Margo has highlighted the problems of these rising isolating black residents from opportunities and services
Measuring Residential Segregation Over Time Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman We want to expand the scope of this historical analysis Introduction to address two limitations presented by the data Existing Segregation First, existing segregation measures require defining Measures geographic subdivisions Our Measure Segregation Across These subdivisions can change over time and the choice Space of divisions can affect the estimated segregation level Segregation Over Time Second, existing segregation measures are difficult to Segregation and its apply to rural areas Correlates Conclusions To understand these issues, consider the two workhorses of the segregation literature: the dissimilarity index and the isolation index
Measuring Dissimilarity Index Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman The dissimilarity index provides a measure of how evenly Introduction black residents are distributed across wards within a city. Existing Segregation Measures N � � D = 1 B i W i Our Measure � � � − � � Segregation Across 2 B total W total � � Space i =1 Segregation Over Time B i : black households in tract i Segregation and its Correlates B total : total black households in city Conclusions W i : white households in tract i W total : total white households in city
Measuring Isolation Index Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman Introduction The isolation index provides a measure of the exposure of Existing the average black resident to white residents. Segregation Measures � B i Our Measure N � B i � Segregation Across I = · Space B i + W i B total i =1 Segregation Over Time B i : black households in tract i Segregation and its Correlates B total : total black households in city Conclusions W i : white households in tract i
Measuring Sensitivity to Boundaries Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman Introduction Existing Segregation Measures Our Measure Segregation Across Space Segregation Over Time Segregation and its Correlates Conclusions
Measuring Sensitivity to Boundaries Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman Introduction Existing Segregation Measures Our Measure Segregation Across Space Segregation Over Time Segregation and its Correlates Conclusions
Measuring Sensitivity to Boundaries Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman Clearly these measures of segregation are sensitive to Introduction the way boundaries are drawn Existing Segregation This is particularly problematic when politics affect Measures boundary choices (a big issue when looking at race in Our Measure Segregation Across the US) Space The measures are also sensitive to the number of Segregation Over Time subdivisions which can vary across locations and over Segregation and its time Correlates Conclusions Equally problematic for historical segregation is that these boundaries don’t necessarily make sense for rural areas
Measuring Applicability to Rural Areas Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman 1 Introduction Existing Segregation Percent living in rural area .8 Measures Our Measure .6 Segregation Across Space Segregation Over .4 Time Segregation and its Correlates .2 Conclusions 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year White Black
Measuring Applicability to Rural Areas Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman With good reason, few studies attempt to use Introduction traditional measures of segregation for rural areas Existing However, in 1900 the majority of Americans live in rural Segregation Measures areas Our Measure By 1940, 50 percent of the black population still lives in Segregation Across Space rural areas Segregation Over Time Understanding historical segregation and its impacts on Segregation and its racial gaps requires knowing what is going on in rural Correlates areas Conclusions Furthermore, while urban segregation may tell us what black migrants moved to, it is equally important to know what they were moving from
Measuring Constructing a New Segregation Measure Historical Residential Segregation Trevon Logan John Parman Introduction To capture the experience of rural Americans, a new Existing measure is needed Segregation Measures Measures based on geographic subunits are problematic Our Measure (sensitivity to boundaries, applicability to rural areas) Segregation Across Space Instead, we consider a measure that does not require Segregation Over Time subunits and has a clear, intuitive interpretation Segregation and its The basic idea is to exploit the availability of the Correlates complete census manuscript pages to examine Conclusions residential patterns at the household level
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