Marianne Heaslip URBED 22 August 2018
Things I worry about…. After Paris - Graphs: Glen Peters, based on IPCC projections via http://www.vox.com/2016/10/4/13118594/2- degrees-no-more-fossil-fuels
Things I worry about…. http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries/planetary-boundaries/about-the- research/the-nine-planetary-boundaries.html
1. Right location
2. Density
2. Density https:// usa.streetsblog.org/ 2011/08/09/alex-steffen- says-dense-cities-are- the-only-way-to-reduce- emissions/
2. Density >>>> Form Factor http://www.theenergycollective.com/david-k-thorpe/ 2393565/how-changing-building-shape-and-form-can- slash-energy-use https://elrondburrell.com/blog/passivhaus-heatloss-formfactor/
3. Quantitive assessment is key!* *But not everything that matters is about numbers. https://xkcd.com/135/
what we need to worry about. ….because by measuring we understand Fabric Energy E ffi ciency (kWh/m2.a) 120 150 180 210 240 30 60 90 0 UK average existing new-build (pre 2010) new-build (post 2010) Carbon Coop Target
TSB BPE Final Report Bermondsey Square Useful heat energy vs energy input to district heating system. There are no ‘silver 6.1.2 Distribution losses 1,500,000 bullets’ and Given the boilers installed with the system are new, with a stated seasonal effjciency of 93%, the 1,125,000 nothing is mostly likely cause of this poor overall system effjciency is large inherently ‘green’. distribution losses. If a boiler 750,000 effjciency of 90% is assumed, kWh the effjciency of the system distribution is calculated to be approximately 51% (using 2013 375,000 fjgures, overall system effjciency/ Evidence is key. boiler effjciency). This means approximately half the energy 0 entering the system is lost before 2013 Useful Heat 2013 Energy Input it reaches the users. Even if the boilers are operating less effjciently - say at 80% - this still suggests a distribution effjciency hotel offjce VT perimeter of only around 56%. residential gas Adding a number of meters to the network, including ‘totalising’ plant room/retail meters for the different legs of the https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/497761/Non- system, allowed us to fjnd where Domestic_Building_performance_full_report_2016.pdf the most signifjcant losses are occurring. The highest losses by Left: Graph showing some margin, at 73%, are on the cumulative energy offjce perimeter heating circuit. consumption for AHU1 This second highest, at 47%, Below left: Cumulative were on the residential circuit. energy consumption for With the available data it has not AHU2 been possible to ascertain exactly what is causing these very high distribution losses. Lower than expected heat demand may be one cause. It is not clear from the information available what assumptions were made about space heating and hot water demand at design stage. If these demands were signifjcantly overestimated, this will act to increase the proportion of losses vs overall energy use - as losses have a tendency to remain fjxed for a particular system no matter what the 33
4. Avoid ‘eco-bling’
8 sqm 8 sqm 2.4KwP 2.4KwP aperture area aperture area A Roof: B Roof: Roof: E F Roof: 0.1 W/m2.K 0.1 W/m2.K 0.1 W/m2.K 0.1 W/m2.K Wall: Wall: Wall: Wall: 0.15 W/m2.K 0.15 W/m2.K 0.15 W/m2.K 0.15 W/m2.K Windows: Windows: 0.8W/m2.K Windows: Windows: 0.8W/m2.K 0.8W/m2.K 0.8W/m2.K Target: Target: Doors: Target: Target: Doors: Doors: 5.0m3/m2.hr Doors: 5.0m3/m2.hr 1.0 W/m2.K 3.0m3/m2.hr 550l 5.0m3/m2.hr 550l 1.0 W/m2.K 1.0 W/m2.K 1.0 W/m2.K Actual: Actual: Actual: Actual: 4.2m3/m2.hr Floor: X 1 X 1 Floor: 4.3m3/m2.hr Floor: Floor: 0.44 W/m2.K 0.44 W/m2.K 0.19/0.15 W/m2.K 0.19/0.15 W/m2.K Key 8 sqm 4 sqm A : Condensing combi gas boiler; window trickle vents and aperture area aperture area 2.4KwP mechanical extract fans; solar PV. G Roof: Roof: C D Roof: 0.1 W/m2.K B: Condensing combi gas boiler; passive stack vents; solar PV. 0.1 W/m2.K 0.1 W/m2.K C: Electric boiler; MVHR; solar thermal. Wall: Wall: Wall: D: Exhaust air source heat pump/MVHR; solar thermal. 0.15 W/m2.K 0.15 W/m2.K 0.15 W/m2.K E: Condensing gas boiler; MVHR; solar thermal. F: Log burning stove w. back boiler; passive stack vents; solar Windows: Windows: 0.8W/m2.K thermal system. 0.8W/m2.K Windows: G: Condensing combi gas boiler; MVHR; solar PV system. 0.8W/m2.K Doors: 1.0 W/m2.K (see appendix for further details) Target: Doors: Target: Target: Doors: 3.0m3/m2.hr 1.0 W/m2.K 3.0m3/m2.hr 550l 200l 3.0m3/m2.hr 1.0 W/m2.K Actual: Actual: Actual: X 1 6.1m3/m2.hr Floor: Floor: 6.6m3/m2.hr Floor: NOTES : 0.3/0.2 W/m2.K 0.19 W/m2.K 0.19 W/m2.K 1. Data unavilable This is from my MSc thesis , which was written up as a book chapter here: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/ 10.1002/9781118273463.ch15 - email me if you want to know more.
Control/Interface Usability Rating Usability Rating Usability Rating Usability Rating House Comment on Resident Use 1 2 3 4 5 Residents don’t use timer, just flick on clarity of purpose A and off as needed, using thermostat as a limit, but often switching off before this limit, but often switching off before this Central Heating Control intuitive switching B temp is reached. usefulness of labelling C ease of use D indication of system E response/feedback F degree of fine control Use manual control and thermostat with Cover is fiddly to flip up to make adjustments, screen is not very Cover is fiddly to flip up to make adjustments, screen is not very Cover is fiddly to flip up to make adjustments, screen is not very Cover is fiddly to flip up to make adjustments, screen is not very Cover is fiddly to flip up to make adjustments, screen is not very Cover is fiddly to flip up to make adjustments, screen is not very Cover is fiddly to flip up to make adjustments, screen is not very G thermostat as limit. clear or big. Symbols hard to understand. Small buttons. clear or big. Symbols hard to understand. Small buttons. clear or big. Symbols hard to understand. Small buttons. clear or big. Symbols hard to understand. Small buttons. clear or big. Symbols hard to understand. Small buttons. clear or big. Symbols hard to understand. Small buttons. Control/Interface Usability Rating Usability Rating Usability Rating Usability Rating House Comment on Resident Use 3 4 5 1 2 clarity of purpose A Central Heating/ Solar Control B intuitive switching Understand some settings, but don’t like usefulness of labelling C not being able to switch ‘off’. ease of use D Understand some settings, but only use indication of system E to adjust temp up and down a bit. response/feedback Very good understanding of system, degree of fine control F navigates menus to control as needed. Lots of digital menus and sub-menus to navigate. Labelling very Lots of digital menus and sub-menus to navigate. Labelling very Lots of digital menus and sub-menus to navigate. Labelling very Lots of digital menus and sub-menus to navigate. Labelling very Lots of digital menus and sub-menus to navigate. Labelling very Lots of digital menus and sub-menus to navigate. Labelling very Lots of digital menus and sub-menus to navigate. Labelling very G abstract. Constant temperature read-out. Small backlit display. abstract. Constant temperature read-out. Small backlit display. abstract. Constant temperature read-out. Small backlit display. abstract. Constant temperature read-out. Small backlit display. abstract. Constant temperature read-out. Small backlit display. abstract. Constant temperature read-out. Small backlit display. abstract. Constant temperature read-out. Small backlit display. Control/Interface Usability Rating Usability Rating Usability Rating Usability Rating House Comment on Resident Use 3 4 5 1 2 Central Heating/ Heat Pump Control clarity of purpose A intuitive switching B C usefulness of labelling This is from my MSc thesis , which Very good understanding of system, was written up as a book chapter ease of use D including adjusting ‘heatcurves’ etc. here: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ indication of system E response/feedback doi/pdf/ degree of fine control F 10.1002/9781118273463.ch15 - Digital screen is hard to read in bright light and usually hidden. Digital screen is hard to read in bright light and usually hidden. Digital screen is hard to read in bright light and usually hidden. Digital screen is hard to read in bright light and usually hidden. Digital screen is hard to read in bright light and usually hidden. Digital screen is hard to read in bright light and usually hidden. Digital screen is hard to read in bright light and usually hidden. email me if you want to know more. G Symbols hard to understand without handbook. Symbols hard to understand without handbook. Symbols hard to understand without handbook. Symbols hard to understand without handbook. Symbols hard to understand without handbook.
Beware greenwash…. https://xkcd.com/1007/
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