MANAGING A HYDROPOWER IMPASSE ON THE KUNENE RIVER by P Heyns Pr Eng Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASINS Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
KUNENE RIVER BASIN Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
KUNENE HYDROLOGY Catchment Area = 10 500 km² Area in Angola = 87 % Area in Namibia = 13 % Rainfall = 1 300 – 25 mm/a Rainfall is Seasonal = 90 % November to April Rainfall is Variable = 50 – 200 % of average Evaporation = 300 – 2 000 mm/a Average Flow = 5 500 Mm³/s = 175 m³/s Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE STRUCTURE CAPACITY PURPOSE Gove Dam 2 570 Mm³ Storage/Regulation Matala Weir 60 Mm³ Irrigation/Hydropower • Power Station 39 MW Regulation/Water Supply Calueque Dam 475 Mm³ Regulation/Irrigation/Transfer • Pump Station 2 m³/s Water Transfer to Namibia Ruacana Weir 20 Mm³ Divert Water to Head Bay • Power Station 240 MW Power to Angola and Namibia Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
RUACANA ARTIST’S IMPRESSION Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
RUACANA LAYOUT Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
RUACANA Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
CALUEQUE DAM Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
CALUEQUE PUMP STATION Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
CALUEQUE PUMPING MAIN Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
CALUEQUE – NAMIBIA CANAL Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
WATER TRANSFER TO NAMIBIA Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
LEGAL FRAMEWORK International: • Helsinki Rules • United Nations Watercourse Convention Regional: • SADC Treaty on Regional Economic Cooperation • SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses National: • Agreements between Angola and Namibia water issues • In country water policy, legislation and regulations Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
KUNENE TREATIES DOCUMENT YEAR DOCUMENT YEAR First Border Agreement 1890 Second Border Agreement 1926 First Water Use Agreement 1926 Second Water Use Agreement 1964 Third Water Use Agreement 1969 Endorsement Agreement 1990 Hydropower Development Agreement 1991 Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGMENTS Governments of Angola and Namibia Permanent Joint Technical Commission Operating Authority Sub-committees Studies, Operation and Maintenance Investigations, Feasibility, of Measuring and Monitoring Infrastructure Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
ENABLING ENVIRONMENT Political Commitment: • Committed to SADC Shared Water Protocol • Treaties exist Water Commission: • Established • Advisory role • Technical Committees • Investigations and studies Operating Authority: • Defunct Basin Management Committee: • Not in place Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
CALUEQUE BEFORE ATTACK Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
BOMB DAMAGE : CALUEQUE DAM Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
BOMB DAMAGE : CALUEQUE DAM Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
DAMAGE AT CALUEQUE Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
The pipeline was attacked on occasion The pipeline was attacked on occasion for tactical reasons for tactical reasons
KUNENE RIVER POTENTIAL Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
EPUPA FALLS Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
EPUPA FALLS Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
EPUPA DAM SITE Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE ITEM STRUCTURE ITEM STRUCTURE EPUPA BAYNES EPUPA BAYNES Dam Capacity (Mm³ ³) ) 7 809 1 744 Dam Capacity (Mm 7 809 1 744 Hydropower Capacity (MW) 360 360 Hydropower Capacity (MW) 360 360 Height (m) 161 203 Height (m) 161 203 382 49 382 49 Surface Area (km² ²) ) Surface Area (km 7 40 7 40 Downstream from Epupa (km) Downstream from Epupa (km) Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES FAVOURABILITY ISSUE BAYNES EPUPA Technical Lower Better Financial Lower Higher Economical Lower Higher Environmental Higher Lower Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
FACILITATING COLLABORATION • Create awareness about the value of cooperation • Agree to cooperate in good faith • Maintain dialogue to develop trust and understanding • Openly discuss concerns and expectations • Develop a shared vision and objectives • Involve stakeholders and cooperating partners • Bypass issues of conflict and make progress • Resolve conflicts over time in an amicable way • Build capacity and confidence through training • Develop management and negotiating skills • Promote transparency and accountability Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
TECHNICAL COOPERATION • Execute joint studies, investigations and research • Collect data, verify jointly and exchange information • Develop technical, scientific and legal skills • Propose viable development projects • Allocate water for the most beneficial uses • Jointly do hydrological gauging and assessment • Control pollution and monitor water quality • Assess environmental integrity • Manage floods and droughts Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
BEST PRACTICES • Execute joint resource investigations and feasibility studies • Arrange for reliable data collection and monitoring • Exchange and share information • Determine criteria and agree on the facts • Develop a multi criteria decision making process • Reach consensus on the best project alternatives • Develop an integrated management plan • Advise the Governments about new projects • Enter into agreements to effect development activities • Promote joint project management Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
CALUEQUE – NAMIBIA CANAL Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES ISSUE FAVOURABILITY BAYNES EPUPA Technical • Reservoir Lower Better • Height Lower Better • Geology Weaker Better • Sensitivity to upstream regulation Critical None Financial • Capital Cost Higher Lower • Risk of overruns Higher Lower Economical • Power Production Lower Higher • Present Value of System Cost Higher Lower • Internal Rate of Return Lower Higher Environmental • Inundated area Less More • Riverine Vegation Affected Less More • Preservation of Epupa Falls Yes None Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
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