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Majorana representations of triangle-point groups Madeleine Whybrow, Imperial College London Supervisor: Prof. A. A. Ivanov The Monster group - basic facts The Monster group - basic facts Denoted M , the Monster group is the largest of the

  1. Majorana representations of triangle-point groups Madeleine Whybrow, Imperial College London Supervisor: Prof. A. A. Ivanov

  2. The Monster group - basic facts

  3. The Monster group - basic facts ◮ Denoted M , the Monster group is the largest of the 26 sporadic groups in the classification of finite simple groups

  4. The Monster group - basic facts ◮ Denoted M , the Monster group is the largest of the 26 sporadic groups in the classification of finite simple groups ◮ It was constructed by R. Griess in 1982 as Aut ( V M ) where V M is a 196 884 - dimensional, real, commutative, non-associative algebra known as the Griess or Monster algebra

  5. The Monster group - basic facts ◮ Denoted M , the Monster group is the largest of the 26 sporadic groups in the classification of finite simple groups ◮ It was constructed by R. Griess in 1982 as Aut ( V M ) where V M is a 196 884 - dimensional, real, commutative, non-associative algebra known as the Griess or Monster algebra ◮ The Monster group contains two conjugacy classes of involutions - denoted 2A and 2B - and M = � 2 A �

  6. The Monster group - basic facts ◮ Denoted M , the Monster group is the largest of the 26 sporadic groups in the classification of finite simple groups ◮ It was constructed by R. Griess in 1982 as Aut ( V M ) where V M is a 196 884 - dimensional, real, commutative, non-associative algebra known as the Griess or Monster algebra ◮ The Monster group contains two conjugacy classes of involutions - denoted 2A and 2B - and M = � 2 A � ◮ If t , s ∈ 2 A then ts is of order at most 6 and belongs to one of nine conjugacy classes: 1 A , 2 A , 2 B , 3 A , 3 C , 4 A , 4 B , 5 A , 6 A .

  7. The Monster group - the 2A axes

  8. The Monster group - the 2A axes ◮ In 1984, J. Conway showed that there exists a bijection ψ between the 2A involutions and certain idempotents in the Griess algebra called 2A-axes

  9. The Monster group - the 2A axes ◮ In 1984, J. Conway showed that there exists a bijection ψ between the 2A involutions and certain idempotents in the Griess algebra called 2A-axes ◮ The 2A-axes generate the Griess algebra i.e. V M = �� ψ ( t ) : t ∈ 2 A ��

  10. The Monster group - the 2A axes ◮ In 1984, J. Conway showed that there exists a bijection ψ between the 2A involutions and certain idempotents in the Griess algebra called 2A-axes ◮ The 2A-axes generate the Griess algebra i.e. V M = �� ψ ( t ) : t ∈ 2 A �� ◮ If t , s ∈ 2 A then the algebra �� ψ ( t ) , ψ ( s ) �� is called a dihedral subalgebra of V M and has one of nine isomorphism types, depending on the conjugacy class of ts .

  11. The Monster group - the 2A axes Example

  12. The Monster group - the 2A axes Example Suppose that t , s ∈ 2 A such that ts ∈ 2 A as well. Then the algebra V := �� ψ ( t ) , ψ ( s ) �� is called the 2 A dihedral algebra.

  13. The Monster group - the 2A axes Example Suppose that t , s ∈ 2 A such that ts ∈ 2 A as well. Then the algebra V := �� ψ ( t ) , ψ ( s ) �� is called the 2 A dihedral algebra. The algebra V also contains the axis ψ ( ts ). In fact, it is of dimension 3: V = � ψ ( t ) , ψ ( s ) , ψ ( ts ) � R .

  14. Monstrous Moonshine and VOAs

  15. Monstrous Moonshine and VOAs ◮ In 1992, R. Borcherds famously proved Conway and Norton’s Monstrous Moonshine conjectures, which connect the Monster group to modular forms

  16. Monstrous Moonshine and VOAs ◮ In 1992, R. Borcherds famously proved Conway and Norton’s Monstrous Moonshine conjectures, which connect the Monster group to modular forms ◮ The central object in his proof is the Moonshine module, denoted V # . It belongs to a class of graded algebras know as vertex operator algebras, or VOA’s

  17. Monstrous Moonshine and VOAs ◮ In 1992, R. Borcherds famously proved Conway and Norton’s Monstrous Moonshine conjectures, which connect the Monster group to modular forms ◮ The central object in his proof is the Moonshine module, denoted V # . It belongs to a class of graded algebras know as vertex operator algebras, or VOA’s ◮ In particular, we have Aut ( V # ) = M

  18. Monstrous Moonshine and VOAs

  19. Monstrous Moonshine and VOAs ◮ If we take a vertex operator algebra ∞ � V = V n n =0 such that V 0 = R 1 and V 1 = 0 then V 2 is a real, commutative, non-associative algebra called a generalised Griess algebra

  20. Monstrous Moonshine and VOAs ◮ If we take a vertex operator algebra ∞ � V = V n n =0 such that V 0 = R 1 and V 1 = 0 then V 2 is a real, commutative, non-associative algebra called a generalised Griess algebra ◮ In 1996, M. Miyamoto showed that there exist involutions τ a ∈ Aut ( V ), now known as Miyamoto involutions, which are in bijection with idempotents a ∈ V 2 known as Ising vectors

  21. Monstrous Moonshine and VOAs ◮ If we take a vertex operator algebra ∞ � V = V n n =0 such that V 0 = R 1 and V 1 = 0 then V 2 is a real, commutative, non-associative algebra called a generalised Griess algebra ◮ In 1996, M. Miyamoto showed that there exist involutions τ a ∈ Aut ( V ), now known as Miyamoto involutions, which are in bijection with idempotents a ∈ V 2 known as Ising vectors ◮ If V = V # ,

  22. Monstrous Moonshine and VOAs ◮ If we take a vertex operator algebra ∞ � V = V n n =0 such that V 0 = R 1 and V 1 = 0 then V 2 is a real, commutative, non-associative algebra called a generalised Griess algebra ◮ In 1996, M. Miyamoto showed that there exist involutions τ a ∈ Aut ( V ), now known as Miyamoto involutions, which are in bijection with idempotents a ∈ V 2 known as Ising vectors ◮ If V = V # , then V 2 ∼ = V M ,

  23. Monstrous Moonshine and VOAs ◮ If we take a vertex operator algebra ∞ � V = V n n =0 such that V 0 = R 1 and V 1 = 0 then V 2 is a real, commutative, non-associative algebra called a generalised Griess algebra ◮ In 1996, M. Miyamoto showed that there exist involutions τ a ∈ Aut ( V ), now known as Miyamoto involutions, which are in bijection with idempotents a ∈ V 2 known as Ising vectors ◮ If V = V # , then V 2 ∼ = V M , the τ a are the 2A involutions

  24. Monstrous Moonshine and VOAs ◮ If we take a vertex operator algebra ∞ � V = V n n =0 such that V 0 = R 1 and V 1 = 0 then V 2 is a real, commutative, non-associative algebra called a generalised Griess algebra ◮ In 1996, M. Miyamoto showed that there exist involutions τ a ∈ Aut ( V ), now known as Miyamoto involutions, which are in bijection with idempotents a ∈ V 2 known as Ising vectors ◮ If V = V # , then V 2 ∼ = V M , the τ a are the 2A involutions and the 1 2 a are the 2A axes.

  25. Monstrous Moonshine and VOAs

  26. Monstrous Moonshine and VOAs Theorem (S. Sakuma, 2007) Any subalgebra of a generalised Griess algebra generated by two Ising vectors is isomorphic to a dihedral subalgebra of the Griess algebra.

  27. Majorana Theory

  28. Majorana Theory ◮ Majorana Theory was introduced by A. A. Ivanov in 2009 as an axiomatisation of certain properties of generalised Griess algebras

  29. Majorana Theory ◮ Majorana Theory was introduced by A. A. Ivanov in 2009 as an axiomatisation of certain properties of generalised Griess algebras ◮ Definition: A Majorana algebra V is a real, commutative, non-associative algebra such that

  30. Majorana Theory ◮ Majorana Theory was introduced by A. A. Ivanov in 2009 as an axiomatisation of certain properties of generalised Griess algebras ◮ Definition: A Majorana algebra V is a real, commutative, non-associative algebra such that ◮ V = �� A �� where A is a set of idempotents called Majorana axes

  31. Majorana Theory ◮ Majorana Theory was introduced by A. A. Ivanov in 2009 as an axiomatisation of certain properties of generalised Griess algebras ◮ Definition: A Majorana algebra V is a real, commutative, non-associative algebra such that ◮ V = �� A �� where A is a set of idempotents called Majorana axes ◮ For each a ∈ A , we can construct an involution τ ( a ) ∈ Aut ( V ) called a Majorana involution

  32. Majorana Theory ◮ Majorana Theory was introduced by A. A. Ivanov in 2009 as an axiomatisation of certain properties of generalised Griess algebras ◮ Definition: A Majorana algebra V is a real, commutative, non-associative algebra such that ◮ V = �� A �� where A is a set of idempotents called Majorana axes ◮ For each a ∈ A , we can construct an involution τ ( a ) ∈ Aut ( V ) called a Majorana involution ◮ The algebra V obeys seven further axioms, which we omit here

  33. Majorana Theory ◮ Majorana Theory was introduced by A. A. Ivanov in 2009 as an axiomatisation of certain properties of generalised Griess algebras ◮ Definition: A Majorana algebra V is a real, commutative, non-associative algebra such that ◮ V = �� A �� where A is a set of idempotents called Majorana axes ◮ For each a ∈ A , we can construct an involution τ ( a ) ∈ Aut ( V ) called a Majorana involution ◮ The algebra V obeys seven further axioms, which we omit here ◮ The Griess algebra V M is an example of a Majorana algebra, with the 2A involutions and 2A axes corresponding to Majorana involutions and Majorana axes respectively

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