M are Geneticum Arianna Broggiato, Thomas Vanagt, Laura Lallier, M arcel Jaspars, Geoff Burton, Dominic M uyldermans
Scientific and technical baseline Are the expectations of large All from publicly financial gains from the available data utilisation of M GR in ABNJ (digital sequence realistic? information) There is currently little evidence of systematic commercial scale development of M GR from ABNJ (Leary and Juniper) It is important not to conflate the potential of M GR in ABNJ with the more prolific commercialisation of marine biodiversity products from shallower waters (Oldham) 2 Blasiak, Science Advances , 2018 , 4 , eear5237
Scientific and technical baseline Where do the disparities between states lie? The analysis should focus on the actual availability of M GR from ABNJ and the capacities needed to study and exploit them. Uneven levels of access to M GR: 1. The cost of technology and its maintenance to sample in international waters and the deep sea. 2. The scientific skills to undertake research on marine biodiversity 3. The cost and scientific skills to undertake molecular screening and biodiversity assessment. 4. The scientific skills to analyse the data thereby produced. The current uneven research capabilities across the globe are the primary source of inequity amongst states, more than disparities in accessing resources in situ (First Assessment of the Ocean, UN) 3
Premises for fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from utilisation of M GR in ABNJ • M ultilateral arrangement • Support scientific research � Facilitated access • Safeguard for private investments � Extended embargo • Capacity building • Inclusivity of developing states � Open access principle • Involvement of the scientific community � Build on good practice • Build on existing common pools: biorepositories and databases � Deposit samples and release raw data Bridging the gap between those countries that hold knowledge, M GR and technologies, and those that do not 4
Mare Geneticum Provides Building Blocks Based on Scientific Good Practice Obligatory Prior Electronic Notification (OPEN) If IA requires monetary BS: royalties to be paid on commercialisation Access at % fixed by sector Extend Update OPEN Exclusivity HO Period O For a fee Update OPEN S N H S N N Exclusivity Period O NH HN H H Update OPEN N N NH 2 O O NH NH Benefit H 2 N NH Sharing Share Samples and Raw Data 5
Mare Geneticum Flow Chart 6
Why use M arine Genetic Resources? • Offers advantage over comparable terrestrial resource: • Superior performance • Better economics • Unprecedented activity in particular application: – Enzymes: new reactivity/ new biotransformation – Small molecules: novel chemical structures & new mechanism of action – M aterials: new properties 8
Bioprospecting vs Biodiscovery Bioprospecting (Oxford English Dictionary) : “ the search for plant and animal species from which medicinal drugs and other commercially valuable compounds can be obtained.” Unlike seabed mining, marine genetic resources are not mined. The M GR are used as inspiration to generate a product which is made by other means. For this reason the words “ marine biodiscovery ” are used which suggest that it is the inspiration that is important and that the resource is not mined. 9
Non-Pharma M GR Derived Products on the M arket Cosmetic screening infra-red rays Vent Polymerase – for DNA amplification Origin: Vent bacterium (location unknown) Origin: Vent bacterium (Naples, Italy) Production: Bacterial culture Production: Recombinant Owner: Sederma (Croda) Owner: New England Biolabs Fuelzyme – Enzyme used in biodiesel production Anti biofilm agents Origin: Deep sea bacterium (location unknown) Origin: Red seaweed Production: Recombinant Production: Chemical Synthesis Owner: Verenium (BASF) Owner: XXXXX 10
M GR Derived Pharmaceuticals Yondelis for cancer ω -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Origin: Caribbean seasquirt for heart disease Origin: Fish Production: Semi-synthesis Production: Fish Halaven for cancer Prialt for pain Origin: Japanese deep water sponge Origin: Phillippino cone snail Production: Chemical synthesis Production: Recombinant 11
Discovery Timeline Yondelis TM • Discovery 1990 • T otal synthesis 1996 • Industry Ecteinascidia turbinata . synthesis 2003 • EM A 2007 • FDA 2015 Baseline >18 Cycles 12
Biological Resources DNA (GR/ Functional Units of Heredity) Cells (one or more) M arine biological resource 13
The Central Dogma of M olecular Biology Derivatives RNA – translates Transcription Information from DNA Into proteins DNA (GR/ Functional Units of Heredity) X Translation Genetic Sequence Data X Derivatives Proteins/ Enzymes Derivatives M etabolites In Silico Data 14
M arine Scientific Research/ Bioprospecting Chemistry M GR Sampling in ABNJ Research Research Research 150 PTZ %PTZ-induced activity VHC PS-243 - 100µg/ml 100 PS-243 - 50µg/ml PS-243 - 25µg/ml ** 50 *** *** * ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 0 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 Commercialisation time (min) Bioassay Product Research 15
M SR vs Bioprospecting M SR • Cruise • M ost cruises are for plan basic research Application • Freedom of M SR • File cruise report to funder • Feasibility How M ight • Checks Award Bioprospecting be Accommodated? • Require updates on cruise report to alert to • Cruise change of use report • Notify when After Cruise commercialisation occurs 16
Good Practice for Cruise Data and Samples M etadata may include Sample storage Location Ambient temperature Cooler (4 o C) Depth Freezer (-20 o C) Temperature -80 o C Freezer Salinity Liquid nitrogen (-196 o C) pH Oxygen content Formaldehyde Seafloor conditions Ethanol DNA/ RNA preservation liquids Needs standardisation 17
Mare Geneticum Provides Building Blocks Based on Scientific Good Practice Obligatory Prior Electronic Notification (OPEN) Access Update OPEN 18
Mare Geneticum Obligatory Prior Electronic Notification Data on OPEN could include: Information on collector and contact point Geographical area of sampling Period of sampling Research project description (cruise plan) Expected nature of what will be collected (grab, core, sediment, invertebrate, plankton etc) Description of targeted M GR when possible Commitment to release samples and data in open access biorepository (but conditional on intended use) Commitment to update OPEN at certain milestones. 19
Benefits to Scientists of the OPEN System Global data sharing platform and clearing house mechanism for marine biodiversity data in all ocean basins including ABNJ A mechanism for international cooperation in M SR, coordination in global ocean observation and development of standards, manual and guidelines and codes of conduct in M SR and data sharing protocols A global network of regional centres to enhance capacity, by training the next generation of scientists and area managers in applying international standards and best practices 20
Monitoring Sample and Data Flows 150 PTZ %PTZ-induced activity VHC PS-243 - 100µg/ml 100 PS-243 - 50µg/ml PS-243 - 25µg/ml ** 50 *** *** * ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 0 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 time (min) Sampling in ABNJ Bioassay Chemistry M GR Product Possible to track sample from origin to exploitation Needs improved data infrastructure 21
Tracking Samples can be Tricky Vent Polymerase For DNA amplification 22
Benefit Sharing • M ust be multilateral compared to bilateral for Nagoya Protocol • Benefits may include: • Scientific exchanges/ training • Technology transfer • Capacity building (infrastructure) • Enhanced reputation • Increased number/ quality of scientific publications • Biodiversity conservation • Valuable regional resources developed (knowledge, samples, data) • Upfront/ milestone payments & royalties 23
Is an Open Access Approach Possible? • Open Access approach may be used when: • There is no desire/ need to control access • There is more than enough of a resource for all to utilise • Precedents in biology/software/semiconductors • Low cost – commensurate with size of problem 24
Mare Geneticum Provides Building Blocks Based on Scientific Good Practice Obligatory Prior Electronic Notification (OPEN) Access Update OPEN Exclusivity Period Benefit M any Precedents in Science Sharing ‘Open Innovation’ Share Samples and Raw Data 25
Open Access Publication/Data 26
Reporting Research Outcomes 27
Open Access to Research Materials Aids Open Innovation 28
Case Study: MarBank as an MGR Repository http://www.imr.no/marbank/en 29
MarBank Objectives M arBank offers Ex situ access to M arine Genetic Resources for research and exploitation purposes M arine organisms are collected from their natural habitat and kept alive or processed and conserved in the biobank Safe and easy access to quality assured marine samples Opportunity for researchers that do not have the ability to collect M GRs In situ Kjersti Gabrielsen, IM R, Norway 30
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