LSST Solar System Data Products and Science Opportunities Mario Juric LSST Solar System Processing Group Lead mjuric@astro.washington.edu with Lynne Jones, Siegfried Eggl, Joachim Moeyens, Zeljko Ivezic, Meg Schwamb, and the LSST Project EPSC-DPS Meeting 2019 • Geneva, Switzerland • September 16, 2019 1 EPSC-DPS Meeting 2019 • Geneva, Switzerland • September 16, 2019
LSST Science Drivers Dark Matter, Dark Energy Cataloging the Solar System • Potentially Hazardous Asteroids • Weak Lensing • Main Belt Asteroids • Baryon acoustic oscillations • Census of small bodies in the Solar • Supernovae, Quasars System Milky Way Structure & Formation Exploring the Transient sky • Variable stars, Supernovae • Structure and evolutionary history • Fill in the variability phase-space • Spatial maps of stellar characteristics • Discovery of new classes of transients • Reach well into the halo Ivezi ć et al. (2019) EPSC-DPS Meeting 2019 • Geneva, Switzerland • September 16, 2019 2
A single uniform survey of the visible sky LSST will execute a single * survey designed to support all four science themes. The survey area and cadence have been tuned to enable the discovery and characterization of Solar System bodies. (*) There’s also smaller (<10% of time) set of “special survey programs” designed to explore extreme corners of discovery space. 3 EPSC-DPS Meeting 2019 • Geneva, Switzerland • September 16, 2019
Cadence Enabling SSO Identification 4 EPSC-DPS Meeting 2019 • Geneva, Switzerland • September 16, 2019
Solar System Science with LSST Animation: SDSS Asteroids (Alex Parker, SwRI) About ~0.7 million are known Will grow to >5 million in the next 5 years Estimates: Lynne Jones et al.
LSST Nightly/Daily Processing Loop Newly collected tracklets passed Day Night on to MOPS for linking Real-time Discover (link) publication of all moving and new objects variable sources Submit discoveries to MPC Observing A New MPCORB Daily Data Products C B Release Catalogs with controlled systematics and suitable for Ephemeris files for fast association population studies released with every data release See the handout at http://ls.st/Document-29545 for a one-page summary! 6 EPSC-DPS MEETING 2019 | GENEVA, SWITZERLAND | SEPTEMBER 16, 2019
A. Prompt Products: Real-Time Alerts A. Real-time Alerts (>=2M SSO observations/night) Within 60 seconds of observation Astrometry ±10 mas (bright; ±140 faint) Measurements of all detections on difference PSF flux ±10 mmag (bright end) images, including known and unknown SSOs. Aperture flux ±10 mmag (bright end) Trailed source fit Flux and on-sky motion for fast- Suitable for real-time discovery of trailed moving (trailed) objects objects, and activity of known objects. Appearance Moments and extendedness of characterization the object’s image Spuriousness score Probability that the detection is an artifact Nearby static objects Information on adjacent objects (up to three) MPC designation Given for known objects Predicted position and Given for known objects magnitude 2014 MF6 (PHA), 60sec exposure, MPC Q62 (6478) Gault outburst (Guido, Howes & Nicolini) (Ye et al, for the ZTF Collaboration) Details: DIASource tables in http://ls.st/oug 7 EPSC-DPS MEETING 2019 | GENEVA, SWITZERLAND | SEPTEMBER 16, 2019
B. Prompt Products: Daily Catalog of Solar System Objects B. Daily Solar System Products (>= 5.5M objects) Daily Catalog of SSOs Orbits Computed by the MPC A catalog of orbits and physical properties, Light-curve Period, light curve shape, other refreshed daily. characterization features Absolute magnitude Estimates of (H, G12) in u,g,r,i,z,y The orbit solutions and designations will be estimates bands obtained from the MPC. The physical properties MOID Minimum Orbit Intersection (absolute magnitudes, light curves, Distance to Earth extendedness characterization) will be Extendedness Is/was the object comet-like in its computed from LSST data. indicators appearance. Details: SSObject and SSSource tables in http://ls.st/oug 8 EPSC-DPS MEETING 2019 | GENEVA, SWITZERLAND | SEPTEMBER 16, 2019
C. Data Release Products for Solar System Science C. Solar System Data Release Products (every year) Data Releases (annual) High-fidelity Catalogs derived from re- LSST will reprocess all data once a year, reprocessing reductions of all survey data releasing a well-characterized data release using improved calibrations and (DR). a single, well-characterized, software release. A “gold” The Solar System aspects of a data release version of the daily catalog. include a “gold” version of the daily catalog, and a special “LSST-only” catalog of Solar The LSST Catalog of A catalog, suitable for population System objects, suitable for population Solar System Objects studies, of objects detected by studies. LSST with orbits estimated using only LSST data. We will also deliver the linking software, to enable debiasing of the population. 9 EPSC-DPS MEETING 2019 | GENEVA, SWITZERLAND | SEPTEMBER 16, 2019
Obtaining the LSST Solar System Data Products LSST Archive Public LSST Event Brokers Minor Planet Center LSST Archive Daily Photometry, Astrometry, Orbits Yearly Data Release Real-time Alerts Catalogs Daily added-value products (absmags, light curves, LC periods, …) LSST Archive Public Immediately Proprietary (2 yrs) 10 EPSC-DPS MEETING 2019 | GENEVA, SWITZERLAND | SEPTEMBER 16, 2019
Small Body Science with LSST 11 EPSC-DPS Meeting 2019 • Geneva, Switzerland • September 16, 2019 SSSC Sprint #2 • Adler Planetarium, Chicago, IL • June 4, 2019
Science: Near Earth Objects Compilation of an NEO catalog with high completeness, orbit quality, and well- characterized observational selection function. Measurement of the orbital, absolute magnitude, and taxonomy distributions within the NEO population, enabling the identification of In current baseline strategy, correlations between after 10 years: taxonomy and orbital properties for all NEOs • 50-100K NEOs @ H<25 and the determination of • 250K @ H<27 the orbital distribution of S3M - Grav et al 2011; Granvik - Granvik et al 2018 fifty-meter+ scale objects Assuming 15% albedo: H=25 -> D=50m | H=27 -> D=15m
LSST Discoveries of Main Belt Asteroids About ~6M objects 200 measurements each Precise astrometry (10 mas systematic) -> good orbits Characterization of families Note: assuming 10% albedo: H=24 -> D=70m H=20 -> D=430m
LSST Discoveries as a function of time
What LSST Can Do Explore the Origin of Main Belt Comets and Active Asteroids Slide courtesy of Meg Schwamb Ki et al (2018).Adapted by Henry Hsieh Jewitt (2012) EPSC-DPS Meeting 2019 • Geneva, Switzerland • September 16, 2019 15
Science: Inner Solar System (some highlights) Trojans (Mars and Jupiter): orbital and absolute magnitude distributions, size frequency 1. distributions of different taxonomic classes. High quality astrometry, ephemerides improvements for stellar occultation predictions. 2. Active asteroids and the collisional environment within the asteroid belt 3. Colors and compositions of families and populations (Jupiter’s irregular satellites, Mars/Jupiter 4. Trojans, Hildas, Cybeles, and Phobos and Deimos) and their correlations with dynamical properties. Understanding the chemical distribution in the primordial disk; collisional family parent bodies and formation events; giant planet migration models Rotational light curves to study physical properties of asteroids, including the spin angular 5. momentum distribution, shape distribution, and binary frequency. Measurement of asteroid masses and bulk densities 6. Detection and frequency of rotational fission within the non-NEO asteroid populations to probe 7. internal structure and test dynamical models. Schwamb et al., “Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Solar System Science Roadmap” https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.01783 16
Science: Outer Solar System (some highlights) Characterizing the size-frequency-orbit distribution of KBOs (H>9), probing the formation and 1. evolution of the outer solar system Discovery and orbital classification of objects on unusual or extreme orbits, especially inner 2. Oort cloud objects (i.e. Sedna-like objects) with high perihelia (q > 40 au) and objects with very high inclination (i > 40 deg). Colors for large numbers of KBOs and correlations with dynamical information; understanding 3. the formation of the outer solar system (e.g., chemical distribution in the primordial disk; collisional families). Determination of rotational light curves for large numbers of objects from different dynamical 4. classes; physical properties of KBOs, including spin angular momentum distribution and binary frequency. Discovery and orbital classification of large numbers of objects in resonance with the giant 5. planets, especially the libration islands of high-order resonances of Neptune; constraints on models of Neptune migration. Discovery and clear characterization (e.g., PSF shape) of binaries and multiple systems wide 6. enough to be resolved or partially resolved. Schwamb et al., “Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Solar System Science Roadmap” https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.01783 17
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