LOFT LARGE OBSERVATORY FOR X - RAY TIMING THE L ARGE O BSERVATORY F - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

M ARCO F EROCI INAF , R OME ON BEHALF OF THE LOFT C ONSORTIUM LOFT LARGE OBSERVATORY FOR X - RAY TIMING

THE L ARGE O BSERVATORY F OR X - RAY T IMING LOFT Consortium: national representatives: Marco Feroci INAF/IAPS-Rome, Italy Jan-Willem den Herder SRON, the Netherlands Luigi Stella INAF/OAR-Rome, Italy Michiel van der Klis Univ. Amsterdam, the Netherlands Thierry Courvousier ISDC, Switzerland Silvia Zane MSSL, United Kingdom Margarita Hernanz IEEC-CSIC, Spain Søren Brandt DTU, Copenhagen, Denmark Andrea Santangelo Univ. Tuebingen, Germany Didier Barret IRAP , T oulouse, France Renè Hudec CTU, Czech Republic Andrzej Zdziarski N. Copernicus Astron. Center, Poland LOFT Science Team composed of scientists from: Juhani Huovelin Univ. of Helsinki, Finland Paul Ray Naval Research Lab, USA Australia, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Joao Braga INPE, Brazil Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Tad Takahashi ISAS, Japan Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Sudip Bhattacharyya TIFR, India Turkey, United Kingdom, USA PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

LOFT S CIENCE LOFT ADDRESSES THE C OSMIC V ISION THEME “ Matter Under Extreme Conditions ” Probe the state of matter at supra nuclear densities in Neutron Stars (“ Dense Matter ”) Probe gravity theory in the very strong field environment of Black Holes (“ Strong Gravity ”) Probe physics of hundreds of galactic and bright extragalactic cosmic sources (“ Observatory Science ”) PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

LOFT C ORE S CIENCE O BECTIVES PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

T HE LOFT A PPROACH W HAT LOFT MUST HAVE Exploit the Diagnostics of X-ray Variability on Dynamical Timescales: Large Collecting Area Exploit the Diagnostics of Spectral Variability on Dynamical Timescales: Good Energy Resolution (XMM-class) PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

T HE LOFT A PPROACH W HAT LOFT MUST HAVE W HAT LOFT HAS ! Large Collecting Area LHC SDD Detectors Heritage 200 eV Good Energy Resolution (XMM-class) Microchannel Plate Collimators PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

LOFT’ S C HANGING THE G AME LOFT UNITES SPECTROSCOPY & TIMING , AT ENORMOUS AREA LOFT RXTE 200 eV, 10 m 2 1100 eV, 0.65 m 2 XMM 130 eV, 0.085 m 2 No pile-up pile-up-limited PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

LOFT - L ARGE A REA D ETECTOR 1 2 5 x 2 0 0 0 x 16 µm 83 µm 4 m 2 @ 2 keV 10 m 2 @ 8 keV E FFECTIVE A REA 1 m 2 @ 30 keV 2-30 keV E NERGY R ANGE (30-80 keV ext.) E NERGY R ESOLUTION FWHM 200 eV @ 6 keV C OLLIMATED F O V 1 deg FWHM A BSOLUTE T IME 1 µ s A CCURACY PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

LOFT - L ARGE A REA D ETECTOR P ERFORMANCE LAD I NSTANTANEOUS S KY V ISIBILITY 180 eV 240 eV 300 eV 340 eV 75% of the sky accessibile to LAD at any time. Combination of Sky Visibility and Mission Duration ensures required number of transients PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

L ARGE A REA D ETECTOR C ONCEPT Frame Collimators Clamps SDDs + FEEs The Key to LOFT: Frame • low weight/power/volume per unit effective area Radiator • unprecedented large effective area • CCD class energy resolution • modularity: 126 modules made of 16 SDDs (2016 tot.) MCP Collimator ( ∼ 6 kg/m 2 ) Mechanical support, harness, interfaces LAD density ≈ 10 kg/m 2 (RXTE/PCA > 100 kg/m 2 ) Silicon Drift Detector ( ∼ 1.3 kg/m 2 ) Readout electronics ( ∼ 2.5 kg/m 2 ) PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

LOFT - W IDE F IELD M ONITOR 5 Units 10 Cameras F IELD OF V IEW 5.5 steradian P OSITION A CCURACY 1 arcmin (10 σ ) E NERGY RANGE 2-50 keV E NERGY R ESOLUTION 300 eV @ 6 keV C OLLECTING A REA 1820 cm 2 10 µ s (trigger) T IME R ESOLUTION ∼ minutes (images) S ENSITIVITY (5 σ , 270 mCrab (3s) G ALACTIC C ENTER ) 2.1 mCrab (1day) G ROUND T RANSMISSION OF < 30s GRB C OORDINATES PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

LOFT - W IDE F IELD M ONITOR P ERFORMANCE F IELD OF V IEW cm 2 E XPOSURE M AP Ms PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

M ISSION C ONFIGURATION F EASIBLE MISSION IN SEVERAL CONFIGURATIONS , WITH STANDARD EQUIPMENT South atlantic anomaly Item Value Orbit Equatorial, 550 km Launcher Soyuz (6,000 kg launch capability) Mass 4,000 kg Power 4 kW Telemetry 6.7 Gbit/orbit Ground Stations Kourou, Malindi Pointing 3-axis stabilized Mission Duration 3+2 years PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

M ISSION F EASIBILITY F EASIBLE MISSION IN SEVERAL CONFIGURATIONS , WITH STANDARD EQUIPMENT ESA Review : South atlantic anomaly “ m ission feasible and of low technical risk and medium schedule risk for a 2022 launch date; a launch in 2 0 2 3 is seen as realistic ” Item Value Orbit Equatorial, 550 km “ The overall instrument as well as the Science Ground Segment Launcher Soyuz concept is considered to be mature and well documented. The Mass 4,000 kg level of detail with which the instrument design is described significantly exceeds general expectations Power 4 kW at the end of a Phase A study.” Telemetry 10 Gbit/orbit Ground Stations Kourou, Malindi Pointing 3-axis stabilized Mission Duration 3+2 years PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

T HE ESA P REFERRED LOFT C ONCEPT PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

P ROGRAMMATICS AND S CIENCE M ANAGEMENT Payload and Science Data Center provided by Institutes in ESA Member States. LOFT Science Team even wider in Europe and worldwide LOFT IS AN O PEN O BSERVATORY All LAD data open to the Community through peer-reviewed proposals. All WFM data public after validation. PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

LOFT IN T HE M ULTI -F REQUENCY C ONTEXT LOFT in the Multi-wavelength and Multi-messenger Context of Time Domain Astronomy PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

LOFT Enabling Technologies PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

I NSTRUMENT D EVELOPMENT IN P HASE A  Instruments  Detailed design (mechanical & thermal)  Critical technology at TRL 5 in 2014, TRL 6 in 2015 (end Phase B1)  Study of operational constraints & science performance  Key T echnology  Detectors  4 prototypes produced & tested  Full-scale (6-inch) LAD prototype delivered by end 2013  Radiation (soft & hard protons) and debris accelerator tests  ASICs  First prototype (8 channels, analogue section) produced & tested  Second prototype (16 channels, mixed signal) delivered Jan ’14  T echnology back-up (Italian ASIC) produced and tested  LAD Collimator  First prototype (pore size and thickness, half-size) produced & tested  Full scale prototype (ESA TDA) to be delivered Apr ’14  Additional H/W development  WFM Mask  Half-size prototype produced & measured  LAD thermal filter  Full-scale prototype produced & tested (acoustics) in a Module frame prototype  MBEE, PBEE, ICU  Electrical prototype produced & tested PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

T HE L ARGE -A REA S ILICON D RIFT D ETECTOR (1991-> 2002) 1991 20 PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

LOFT T ECHNOLOGY H ERITAGE ALICE Large-Area Silicon Drift Detectors An heritage of the Inner Tracking System of the ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (CERN):1.5 m 2 of SDD detectors (approximately 300 units), operating since 2008. High TRL. Proven mass production. LAD Configuration: Thickness 450 µm Monolithic Active Area 76 cm 2 Drift time <5 µs Anode Pitch 970 µm Single-channel area 0.3 cm 2 21 PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

LAD – S ILICON D RIFT D ETECTORS SDDs Heritage of ALICE ITS (LHC) R&D IAPS, INFN-TS, FBK (Trento) for X-ray detection Advantages: • solid state detector • e - drifted and collected by small (~1 mm 2 ) anodes → low capacitance → low series noise • extremely small intrinsic leakage current (< 0.05 nA/anode @ 22 ° C) → low parallel noise • 1D read-out ( low power , reduced number of channels) • small drift time (5 µs for 35 mm drift length) → 100% CCE Development, production & testing in Italy (INFN & INAF) PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

SDD D EVELOPMENT (2007- X-ray characterization ALICE (2002) Proton irradiation (NIEL) Increased eff. for soft X-rays FBK-1 Increased thickness (450 µm) (2010-11) Reduced power of voltage divider Reduced surface layer thickness FBK-2 Larger pitch (833 µm), Larger area Design optimization (2011-12) Soft protons, protons, CCE LAD pitch (970 µm) FBK-3 WFM pitch (145 µm) (end-2012) Soft protons, protons, debris LAD full-scale prototype (6-inch), production batch FBK-4 started on late 2013. TRL 5 (TRL 6 end 2015) (end-2013) PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

FBK – S TATE - OF - THE - ART T ECHNOLOGY 2013, 6-inch: Leakage Current <0.09 nA cm 2 ! PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

FBK – B RUNO K ESSLER F OUNDATION (T RENTO , I TALY ) PROBING SPACETIME AND MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS