LMC 2001- present Professor Karen Scrivener, FREng
1980-1984 PhD Imperial College Development of Microstructure during the Hydration of Portland Cement 10 hr 24 hr 5 hr
Backscattered Electron Imaging
What is relevance?
1995-2001 LCR, Lafarge: Head of Calcium Aluminate Research Academia to Industry UK to France
March 2001: Laboratory of Construction Materials EPFL
How to be relevant in Academia?
Creation of NANOCEM • May 2002: first meeting, 6 partners, Paris • Unsuccessful bid for EU network of excellence • March 2003: Decision to form independent consortium • May 2004: signature of consortium agreement n Continuing activity - indefinite duration
An Industrial Academic Partnership for Fundamental Research on Cementitious Materials
€s For Partner Core research research projects programme
Industrial - academic dialog Areas where lack of understanding or quantitative measurement blocks progress Integration of knowledge Long term advance into new products and processes of knowledge INDUSTRY ACADEMIA Interpretation of knowledge and clarification of possible progress areas
Industrial partners
Academic partners
What does this mean for LMC?
Personnel of LMC: ~10 PhD students; 4 postdocs 1 senior researcher; 4 technical staff, visitors 15
Our approach Quantitative Microstructural Microstructural Modelling Characterisation
Research areas Hydration “Green” Specialist cement and binders concrete Durability Sulfate Transport attack properties carbonation ASR
Microstructure lies at the heart link between composition and performance Composition, Mixing, Time, Temperature, RH, etc
Microstructural analysis methods 300 Intensity 200 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 2 q ( ° ) XRD Electron Microscopy - SEM/TEM Proton NMR MIP, TGA, etc 19
Microstructural analysis methods n Sample preparation n Calorimetry n Chemical shrinkage n XRD n Electron Microscopy - SEM/TEM n Proton NMR n MIP, TGA, etc Written mostly by the students doing the experiments 20
www.LC3.ch th Do 5 th Doctoral school LC 3 Characterisation methods of blended cements 23 rd – 26 th April 2019 EPFL, Lausanne Switzerland Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft Confédération suisse Confederazione Svizzera Confederaziun svizra Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC 21
MOOC launched September 2017 Includes lectures and n practical demonstrations: All available on U tube n 22
Nowadays global warming is biggest challenge facing us 23
n 830 Billion Tons carbon dioxide! -This is the CO2-budget remaining to be emitted if we want to keep global warming at a maximum of 2 Degrees Celsius temperature increase. n Emissions in 2017: 36.79 billion tonnes n At this rate we will exceed this amount in 23 years – 2041! n Even if we cut emissions by 50% tomorrow it will be exceeded in 46 years n We do not have 100 years to wait for Nanotechnology to deliver! n WE NEED TO ACT NOW
Cement Based Materials: cannot be replaced by alternatives Copper Aluminium Cementitious materials make up ~50% Glass of everything we produce. In the light of this, Asphalt CO 2 emissions of 5-10% Lime very good Iron Ceramic Wood Cementitious 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 Materials production (Mt/year)
What is available on earth? rest Mg Na 2 O K Too soluble Na K 2 O Fe 2 O 3 Ca Too low mobility in alkaline solutions Fe MgO CaO Al O The most useful SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Si Slag cement blend
Hydraulic minerals in system CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 BUT, what sources of minerals are there which contain Al 2 O 3 >> SiO 2 ? Bauxite – localised, under increasing demand for Aluminium production, EXPENSIVE Calcium aluminate / Even if all current bauxite Portland calcium sulfo aluminate production diverted would Cement still only replace 10-15% of Al 2 O 3 CaO current demand. Less CaO > less CO 2
Portland based cements will continue to dominate Blended cements are the most realistic option to reduce CO 2 and extend resources
Availability of SCMs silica fume Classic SCMs – fly ash and slag are only around 15% of current cement waste glass production, will drop to < 10% in near Vegetable ashes future Natural Pozzolan Used Available Slag Fly ash Portland cement Filler limestone Calcined Clay 0 2000 4000 6000 Mt/yr
LC 3 Gypsum Limestone 100 70 Calcined clay Clinker 60 80 Mass proportion (%) Compressive strength 50 1 day 60 40 7 days (MPa) 30 40 28 days 20 20 90 days 10 0 0 � PC � LC3-50 PC PPC30 LC3-50 LC3-65 • 50% less clinker • 30% less CO 2 LC 3 is a family of cements, • Similar strength the figure refers to • Better chloride resistance the clinker content • ASR resistant
Huge amounts of suitable clays presently stockpiled as waste
Trial productions in Cuba and India d e v a s 2 O C s e n n o t 7 Housing materials produced in factories by unskilled workers with no special training at 1:1 replacement
Potential impact of LC 3 technology Clinker Global cement Global SCM Global CO 2 IEA: International Energy Agency factor, production volume reduction global study for average Billion Billion Million CSI: Cement Sustainability Initiative tons/year tones/year tones/year % of WBCSD: World Business 2006 2.6 79 0.5 2050 Council for Sustainable Development 4.4 73 1.2 200 (CSI study) 2050 4.4 60 1.8 600 (with LCC) Global potential of LC 3 ∆ = 400 million tonnes per yr > whole of CO 2 emissions of France
But LMC is much more than LC3
40 PhD Theses Lucie Baillon Patrick Juilland Amelie Bazzoni n n n Severine Lamberet Ruzena Chamrova Mo Zalzale n n n Mohsen Ben Haha Aude Chabrelie John Rossen* n n n Xinyu Zhang Carolina Prieto Arnaud Muller n n n Prakash Mathur Alexandra Quennoz Julien Bizzozeo n n n Julien Kigelman Belay Dinesa* Emelie l’Hopital* n n n Thomas Schmidt* Wolfgang Kunther* Elise Berodier n n n Shashank Bishnoi Aditya Kumar Luis Baquerizo n n n Mercedes Costoya Olga Chowaniec Berta Mota Gasso n n n Ines Jaoudi Theodore Chappex Pawel Durdzinski n n n Rodrigo Fernandez Hui Chen Zhangli Hu n n n Christophe Gosslin Quang Huy Do Francois Avet n n n Cyrille Dunant Alain Giorla Frank Bullerjahn n n n Vanessa Kocaba Mathieu Antoni * with Barbara Lothenbach n n 35
MXG 2 nd floor Take stairs up one floor
More than 100 journal publications More than 20 nationalities Coming soon…… “the book” 37
Many Thanks Especially to Lab staff: Philippe Simonin; Lionel Sofia Secretarial staff: Maude Schneider; Anne Sandra Hofer and their predecessors Nanocem organizer: Marie Alix Dalang 38
Funders n EPFL n Swiss National Science Foundation n Nanocem n European Union n Federal Office for Dam Surveillance n Kerneos Aluminate Technologies n Holcim n Heidelberg n SCG n GCC n Grace n Cemsuisse 39
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