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LiteBIRD 19891993 2025 [proposed to JAXA; now in Phase A1] - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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LiteBIRD 19891993 2025 [proposed to JAXA; now in Phase A1] 20012010 20092013 Eiichiro Komatsu (Max-Planck-Institut fr Astrophysik) Nedfest 2017, UCLA, August 26, 2017 Part I: What do we know about inflation, and how do we

  1. LiteBIRD 1989–1993 2025– [proposed to JAXA; now in Phase A1] 2001–2010 2009–2013 Eiichiro Komatsu (Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik) Nedfest 2017, UCLA, August 26, 2017

  2. Part I: What do we know about inflation, and how do we know it?

  4. A Remarkable Story • Observations of the cosmic microwave background and their interpretation taught us that galaxies, stars, planets, and ourselves originated from tiny fluctuations in the early Universe • But, what generated the initial fluctuations?

  5. Mukhanov & Chibisov (1981); Hawking (1982); Starobinsky (1982); Guth & Pi (1982); Bardeen, Turner & Steinhardt (1983) Leading Idea • Quantum mechanics at work in the early Universe • “ We all came from quantum fluctuations ” • But, how did quantum fluctuations on the microscopic scales become macroscopic fluctuations over large distances? • What is the missing link between small and large scales?

  6. Sato (1981); Guth (1981); Linde (1982); Albrecht & Steinhardt (1982) Cosmic Inflation Quantum fluctuations on microscopic scales Inflation! • Exponential expansion (inflation) stretches the wavelength of quantum fluctuations to cosmological scales

  7. Key Predictions ζ • Fluctuations we observe today in CMB and the matter distribution originate from quantum fluctuations during inflation scalar mode h ij • There should also be ultra long-wavelength gravitational waves generated during inflation Starobinsky (1979) tensor mode

  8. We measure distortions in space • A distance between two points in space d ` 2 = a 2 ( t )[1 + 2 ⇣ ( x , t )][ � ij + h ij ( x , t )] dx i dx j • ζ : “curvature perturbation” (scalar mode) • Perturbation to the determinant of the spatial metric • h ij : “gravitational waves” (tensor mode) • Perturbation that does not alter the determinant X h ii = 0 i

  9. We measure distortions in space • A distance between two points in space d ` 2 = a 2 ( t )[1 + 2 ⇣ ( x , t )][ � ij + h ij ( x , t )] dx i dx j scale factor • ζ : “curvature perturbation” (scalar mode) • Perturbation to the determinant of the spatial metric • h ij : “gravitational waves” (tensor mode) • Perturbation that does not alter the determinant X h ii = 0 i

  10. Finding Inflation • Inflation is the accelerated, quasi-exponential expansion. Defining the Hubble expansion rate as H(t)=dln(a)/dt , we must find ˙ H a ¨ H + H 2 > 0 a = ˙ H 2 < 1 ✏ ≡ − • For inflation to explain flatness of spatial geometry of our observable Universe, we need to have a sustained period of inflation. This implies ε =O( N –1 ) or smaller, where N is the number of e-folds of expansion counted from the end of inflation: Z t end N ≡ ln a end dt 0 H ( t 0 ) ≈ 50 = a t

  11. Have we found inflation? ˙ H • Have we found ε << 1? ✏ ≡ − H 2 • To achieve this, we need to map out H(t) , and show that it does not change very much with time • We need the “Hubble diagram” during inflation!

  12. Fluctuations are proportional to H • Both scalar ( ζ ) and tensor (h ij ) perturbations are proportional to H • Consequence of the uncertainty principle • [energy you can borrow] ~ [time you borrow] –1 ~ H • KEY : The earlier the fluctuations are generated, the more its wavelength is stretched, and thus the bigger the angles they subtend in the sky. We can map H(t) by measuring CMB fluctuations over a wide range of angles

  13. Fluctuations are proportional to H • We can map H(t) by measuring CMB fluctuations over a wide range of angles 1. We want to show that the amplitude of CMB fluctuations does not depend very much on angles 2. Moreover, since inflation must end, H would be a decreasing function of time. It would be fantastic to show that the amplitude of CMB fluctuations actually DOES depend on angles such that the small scale has slightly smaller power

  14. WMAP Collaboration Amplitude of Waves [ μ K 2 ] Long Wavelength Short Wavelength 180 degrees/(angle in the sky)

  15. Amplitude of Waves [ μ K 2 ] Long Wavelength Short Wavelength Removing Ripples: Power Spectrum of Primordial Fluctuations 180 degrees/(angle in the sky)

  16. Amplitude of Waves [ μ K 2 ] Long Wavelength Short Wavelength Removing Ripples: Power Spectrum of Primordial Fluctuations 180 degrees/(angle in the sky)

  17. Amplitude of Waves [ μ K 2 ] Long Wavelength Short Wavelength Removing Ripples: Power Spectrum of Primordial Fluctuations 180 degrees/(angle in the sky)

  18. Amplitude of Waves [ μ K 2 ] Long Wavelength Short Wavelength Let’s parameterise like Wave Amp. ∝ ` n s − 1 180 degrees/(angle in the sky)

  19. Wright, Smoot, Bennett & Lubin (1994) Amplitude of Waves [ μ K 2 ] Long Wavelength Short Wavelength In 1994: COBE 2-Year Limit! 1989–1993 n s =1.25 +0.4–0.45 (68%CL) Wave Amp. ∝ ` n s − 1 l=3–30 180 degrees/(angle in the sky)

  20. WMAP Collaboration Amplitude of Waves [ μ K 2 ] 20 years later… Long Wavelength Short Wavelength WMAP 9-Year Only: 2001–2010 n s =0.972±0.013 (68%CL) Wave Amp. ∝ ` n s − 1 180 degrees/(angle in the sky)

  21. WMAP Collaboration Amplitude of Waves [ μ K 2 ] South Pole Telescope 2001–2010 [10-m in South Pole] 1000 n s =0.965±0.010 Atacama Cosmology Telescope [6-m in Chile] 100

  22. WMAP Collaboration Amplitude of Waves [ μ K 2 ] South Pole Telescope 2001–2010 [10-m in South Pole] 1000 n s =0.961±0.008 ~5 σ discovery of n s <1 from the CMB data combined with the distribution of galaxies Atacama Cosmology Telescope [6-m in Chile] 100

  23. Amplitude of Waves [ μ K 2 ] 2009–2013 Planck 2013 Result! n s =0.960±0.007 First >5 σ discovery of n s <1 from the CMB data alone [Planck+WMAP] Residual 180 degrees/(angle in the sky)

  24. Fraction of the Number of Pixels Having Those Temperatures Quantum Fluctuations give a Gaussian distribution of temperatures. Do we see this in the WMAP data? [Values of Temperatures in the Sky Minus 2.725 K] / [Root Mean Square]

  25. WMAP Collaboration Fraction of the Number of Pixels Having Those Temperatures Histogram: WMAP Data Red Line: Gaussian YES!! [Values of Temperatures in the Sky Minus 2.725 K] / [Root Mean Square]

  26. Testing Gaussianity Fraction of the Number of Pixels • Since a Gauss distribution Having Those Temperatures is symmetric, it must yield a vanishing 3-point function Z ∞ h δ T 3 i ⌘ d δ T P ( δ T ) δ T 3 −∞ • More specifically, we measure Histogram: WMAP Data this by averaging the product Red Line: Gaussian of temperatures at three di ff erent locations in the sky [Values of Temperatures in the Sky Minus 2.725 K]/ [Root Mean Square] h δ T (ˆ n 1 ) δ T (ˆ n 2 ) δ T (ˆ n 3 ) i

  27. Lack of non-Gaussianity • The WMAP data show that the distribution of temperature fluctuations of CMB is very precisely Gaussian • with an upper bound on a deviation of 0.2% (95%CL) ζ ( x ) = ζ gaus ( x ) + 3 5 f NL ζ 2 gaus ( x ) with f NL = 37 ± 20 (68% CL) WMAP 9-year Result • The Planck data improved the upper bound by an order of magnitude: deviation is < 0.03% (95%CL) f NL = 0 . 8 ± 5 . 0 (68% CL) Planck 2015 Result

  28. So, have we found inflation? • Single-field slow-roll inflation looks remarkably good: • Super-horizon fluctuation • Adiabaticity • Gaussianity • n s <1 • What more do we want? Gravitational waves . Why? • Because the “ extraordinary claim requires extraordinary evidence ”

  29. Watanabe & EK (2006) Theoretical energy density Spectrum of GW today GW entered the horizon during the matter era GW entered the horizon during the radiation era

  30. Watanabe & EK (2006) Theoretical energy density Spectrum of GW today CMB PTA Interferometers Wavelength of GW ~ Billions of light years!!!

  31. Finding Signatures of Gravitational Waves in the CMB • Next frontier in the CMB research 1. Find evidence for nearly scale-invariant gravitational waves 2. Once found, test Gaussianity to make sure (or not!) New Research that the signal comes from vacuum fluctuation Area! 3. Constrain inflation models

  32. Measuring GW • GW changes distances between two points X d ` 2 = d x 2 = � ij dx i dx j ij d ` 2 = X ( � ij + h ij ) dx i dx j ij

  33. Laser Interferometer Mirror Mirror detector No signal

  34. Laser Interferometer Mirror Mirror detector Signal!

  35. Laser Interferometer Mirror Mirror detector Signal!

  36. LIGO detected GW from a binary blackholes, with the wavelength of thousands of kilometres But, the primordial GW affecting the CMB has a wavelength of billions of light-years !! How do we find it?

  37. Detecting GW by CMB Isotropic electro-magnetic fields

  38. Detecting GW by CMB GW propagating in isotropic electro-magnetic fields

  39. Detecting GW by CMB Space is stretched => Wavelength of light is also stretched d l o c h hot o t cold cold h o t hot d l o c

  40. Detecting GW by CMB Polarisation Space is stretched => Wavelength of light is also stretched d l o c h hot o t cold cold electron electron h o t hot d l o c

  41. Detecting GW by CMB Polarisation Space is stretched => Wavelength of light is also stretched d l o c h hot o t cold cold h o t hot d l o c 41

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