What is LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol Phonebook Based on X.500 DAP on OSI stack Developed in '93 @ UMich LDAP LDAPv3, Internet Standard RFC4510 RFC 4510-4521 and about 40 others for extensions Many implementations OpenLDAP Getting Started with LDAP for small Apache Directory Server and large setups. Sun Java System Directory (SunONE/iPlanet/Netscape) Novell eDirectory Microsoft Active Directory many others... What is a directory... What can be stored in LDAP Directory is a tree of entries Basically anything you can think of Basic operations: Mostly used for: Search User accounts and group related data Compare Phone and address book Add Mail accounts Modify Configuration data for various systems Delete Other examples: Optimized for quick access, read performance Sudo configuration LDAP server can serve multiple trees Evolution Addressbook Schema's define and describe the contents of the directory Bitlbee configuration and buddy-list Collection of Attributes and Classes: CUPS configuration Syntax ... Globally unique Object Identifiers (ASN.1)
Example LDAP Data A sample schema ... attributetype ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.1.5 LDAP data is usually presented in LDIF (LDAP Data NAME 'sudoOption' Interchange Format). DESC 'Options(s) followed by sudo' dn: o=Snow, c=nl EQUALITY caseExactIA5Match o: Snow SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.26 ) # IA5String (7-bit ascii) objectclass: organization dn: cn=Mark Janssen, o=Snow, c=nl cn: Mark Janssen objectclass ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.15953.9.2.1 sn: Janssen NAME 'sudoRole' SUP top STRUCTURAL mail: m.janssen@snow.nl DESC 'Sudoer Entries' objectclass: person MUST ( cn ) MAY ( sudoUser $ ... $ sudoCommand $ ... $ sudoOption $ description ) ) ... OpenLDAP Building OpenLDAP Open source LDAP directory (slapd), interface library Requirements: (libldap, liblber) and client utilities (ldapadd, ldapsearch, BerkeleyDB 4.7 ldapmodify, etc) OpenSSL Open Source / Free Software, basically BSD-style license Configure: ./configure --with-tls=openssl --enable-overlays -- (OpenLDAP License) enable-crypt --enable-modules --enable-monitor -- Front-end server (ldap interface) with various back-ends: prefix=/opt/openldap --enable-syslog --enable-proctitle -- Storage backend (bdb,hdb, mysql, ldif) without-subdir Proxy backends (passwd, ldap, sql, ...) Installing Misc/Dynamic (config, monitor, perl, null, ...) Gathering additional schema's Overlay support http://web.singnet.com.sg/~garyttt/solaris.schema.txt Change presentation of data http://www.sudo.ws/cgi- Logging bin/cvsweb/~checkout~/sudo/schema.OpenLDAP? Custom stuff rev=1.3 Kernel-like versioning, current stable versions 2.2 and 2.4 Or use you distro-provided package if available
Server configuration: slapd.conf slapd.conf database bdb include schema/core.schema suffix "dc=company,dc=nl" include schema/cosine.schema rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=company,dc=nl" include schema/nis.schema Include schema definitions include schema/solaris.schema rootpw {SSHA}PassWordHash include schema/ppolicy.schema SSL configuration include schema/duaconf.schema # Indices to maintain ACL's include schema/sudo.schema Database definition index objectClass,uid,uidNumber,index \ # TLS Certificate gidNumber,ou eq Indexes TLSCACertificateFile cacert.pem index cn,mail,surname eq,subinitial Overlays TLSCertificateFile servercrt.pem index memberUid eq TLSCertificateKeyFile server.key index nisDomain eq Sizing/Tuning TLSVerifyClient never index uniqueMember pres # ACL's # OVERLAY definitions: access to * overlay ppolicy by self read ppolicy_default "cn=default, by * read ou=policies, dc=company,dc=nl" password-hash {SSHA} Loading initial content Interacting with your directory dn: dc=company,dc=nl dn: cn=proxyagent,ou=People,... associatedDomain: company.nl userPassword:: PASSWORDHASH dc: company objectClass: top objectClass: top objectClass: person Command-line tools (ldapsearch, ldapadd, ldapmodify) objectClass: dcObject sn: proxyagent LBE: Ldap Browser and Editor (missing in action) objectClass: domain cn: proxyagentdn: cn=Manager, dc=company,dc=nl objectClass: domainRelatedObject Apache Directory Studio: http://directory.apache.org/studio/ userPassword:: PASSWORDHASH objectClass: nisDomainObject objectClass: person nisDomain: company.nl objectClass: top o: Your Company Namedn: sn: Manager ou=People,dc=company,dc=nl cn: Manager ou: People $ ldapadd -D binddn -w secret \ objectClass: top -b dc=company,dc=nl -f initial.ldif objectClass: organizationalUnit dn: cn=Users,ou=Group,dc=com... gidNumber: 1000 objectClass: top objectClass: posixGroup cn: Users
Access control considerations Based on first match Specify subtree and/or attributes Rights: None/Auth/Read/Write User specifier: Wildcard, Anonymous, Self or specified. Allow access to public data Limit access to sensitive data Disallow access to private data Allow users to modify some fields (contact info) Allow system-tools access to posix account fields Apache Directory Studio ACL Examples Client configuration - generic/linux Generic access to dn.subtree="ou=People,dc=domain,dc=tld" \ Limit access to fields Install pam-ldap and nss-ldap attrs=userPassword,shadowLastChange place your cacert.pem file and certificates in /etc/ldap/ userPassword and by dn="cn=proxyagent,ou=profile,dc=domain,dc=tld" write edit pam.conf, nsswitch.conf, /etc/ldap/ldap.conf shadowLastChange by dn="cn=webagent,ou=profile,dc=domain,dc=tld" auth Red Hat Enterprise 4 or 5 by self write pre-populate /etc/ldap.conf with binddn and bindpw values (can't by anonymous auth specify these in config-tool yet) by * read Prevent users from authconfig or system-config-authentication access to attrs=uid,uidNumber,gidNumber,memberUid changing their unix Check 'Use LDAP', 'Use TLS', specify server/basedn by * read account rights Check 'Cache Information' (enable nscd) Check 'Use LDAP Authentication' and 'Local autentication is sufficient' access to dn.subtree="ou=SUDOers,dc=domain,dc=tld" Limit a tree to a specific Further ldap.conf, pam.conf and nsswitch.conf configuration is done for by dn="cn=sudoagent,ou=profile,dc=domain,dc=tld" read user or authorization. you by authconfig. by * none End-all passthrough rule. access to * by * read
Client configuration - Unix Config files: /etc/(ldap)/ldap.conf Solaris 10 Create or update certificate store binddn cn=proxyagent,dc=domain,dc=tld certutil -N -d /var/ldap bindpw secret certutil -A -d /var/ldap -n 'CA Name' -i /path/to/cacert.pem -a -t CT base dc=domain,dc=tld Edit /etc/nsswitch.ldap, making sure to change the entries for hosts timelimit 120 and ipnodes to ‘files dns’ ldapclient init -v -a proxyDN=cn=proxyagent,dc=domain,dc=tld -a bind_timelimit 120 proxyPassword=secret -a domainName=domain.tld -a idle_timelimit 3600 profileName=tls_profile ldapserver.domain.tld ldapserver2.domain.tld nss_initgroups_ignoreusers root,ldap,named,avahi,haldaemon, Modify pam.conf to support ldap dbus,nscd,gdm AIX 5.3 / 6.1 uri ldap://ldapserver1.domain.tld ldap://ldapserver2 Use gsk7ikm to convert cacert.pem to a keydb Install client binaries (idsldap.clt32bit61.rte, idsldap.clt64bit61.rte, ssl start_tls idsldap.cltbase61.adt, idsldap.cltbase61.rte) tls_cacertfile /path/to/cacert.pem mksecldap -c -h ldapserver1.domain.tld,ldapserver2 -a cn=proxyagent, pam_password md5 dc=domain,dc=tld -p secret -k /path/to/your-keydb.kdb -w keydbpassword -A ldap_auth Config files: /etc/nsswitch.conf Config files: Sample pam config passwd: files ldap # Sufficient samples are included with pam_ldap and pam is hightly # OS/System dependant, this is just an example, don't just start using this. shadow: files ldap # /etc/pam.d/login group: files ldap hosts: files dns #%PAM-1.0 netgroup: files ldap auth required /lib/security/pam_securetty.so auth required /lib/security/pam_nologin.so automount: files ldap auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_ldap.so sudoers: files ldap auth required /lib/security/pam_unix_auth.so try_first_pass account sufficient /lib/security/pam_ldap.so account required /lib/security/pam_unix_acct.so password required /lib/security/pam_cracklib.so password required /lib/security/pam_ldap.so password required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so use_first_pass session required /lib/security/pam_unix_session.so
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