Labour market integration in Ireland: migration channels, ethnicity and Irish citizenship DATE Friday 19 th of September 2020 EVENT Conference talk AUTHORS Fran McGinnity Ivan Privalko Éamonn Fahey Shannen Enright www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie
Main Questions • This paper considers migrant differences in unemployment using microdata from the 2016 Census. We ask – Does the channel used by migrants to arrive in Ireland have a significant effect on unemployment? – Can this effect be explained by migrant characteristics or selection? – Does Irish citizenship (Irish nationality or not) matter for migrants in terms of unemployment? www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications
Why are some migrant groups more successful than others? Migration routes www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications
Previous lit: migration route and skills • Refugees report worse outcomes compared to other migrants (Bakker et al 2013; Hainmueller et al 2016) • In Ireland arriving through the protection system has significant negative effects for migrants (O’Connell 2019) • Skills and qualifications (human capital) affects labour market outcomes of migrants (Borjas, 1999) , also host- country language skills and duration in host country are important (Esser, 2004) . www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 4 16 September 2020
Discrimination and citizenship • Ethnic discrimination in Western labour markets is reported routinely, and Human Capital cannot fully explain these penalties (OECD, 2013; Zschirnt and Ruedin, 2016) • There is evidence of ethnic discrimination in Ireland against Black ethnic respondents, regardless of migrant status (Kingston et al 2015; McGinnity et al 2018) . • Host country citizenship may be associated with better labour market outcomes, though findings are mixed (Hoxhaj et al 2019; Fleschman and Dronkers 2010). The effect may also vary for different migrant groups (Pieters et al 2018). www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 5 16 September 2020
Hypotheses • H1a: EEA migrants will be less likely to be unemployed, compared to non-EEA migrants. • H1b: Non-EEA migrants who come through the protection system will be more likely to be unemployed than other Non-EEA migrants. • H2: Migrants with more human capital will be less likely to be unemployed. • H3: Black migrants will be more likely to be unemployed than White migrants regardless of migration channel, or Human Capital. • H4a: Migrants who are Irish citizens will be less likely to be unemployed than migrants who are not Irish citizens. • H4b: Irish citizenship will be more effective for non-EEA migrants, who have more to ‘gain’ from citizenship compared to EEA migrants. www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 6 16 September 2020
Methods We consider all migrants (born abroad) in the 2016 Census. • 4.7 million responses, but we will drop responses from Ireland and those (few) with no distinct COB (Other Africa, Other Asia) • 789,525 people born outside of Ireland. This includes those born in Northern Ireland. Our outcome is unemployment, so we limit the sample to those aged 15- 64 who are active in the labour market. We are left with 367,408 people. We use logistic regression and robust standard errors to estimate the relationship between unemployment and controls. Our paper also considers occupational attainment, which we ignore for now. www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 7 16 September 2020
Main controls • Channel of arrival – EEA born and Non EEA-born. – Chance of coming through the international protection system (asyratio). (calculated at country level based on UNHCR stats) • Ethnicity of migrant - White, Black, Asian, Other • Irish Citizenship – Whether the respondent is an Irish National • Human capital and compositional measures – Education (no info on where acquired) – English language ability (self-assessed) – Age – Gender – Duration in Ireland (this measure is limited) www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications
Method of arrival and Human Capital Unemployment Country-level factors Odds ratio EEA (Ref. non-EEA) 0.78*** Likelihood of arriving through international protection system (asyratio) 1.76*** Education (Ref. primary only) Lower secondary 0.78*** Upper secondary/vocational 0.44*** Tertiary 0.27*** Model controls for EEA born migrants, chance of seeking asylum, ethnicity, Irish nationality, education, English, age, gender, and duration in Ireland www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 9 16 September 2020
English language, ethnicity, and Irish citizenship Speak English (Ref. very well) Well 1.28*** Not well 1.89*** Not at all 2.43*** Ethnicity (Ref. White) Black 1.62*** Asian 1.02 Other 1.28 Irish citizenship (Ref. non-Irish) 0.99 Model controls for EEA born migrants, chance of seeking asylum, ethnicity, Irish nationality, education, English, age, gender, and duration in Ireland www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 10 16 September 2020
Interaction between Irish nationality and EEA migrants Unemployment EEA migrants Non-EEA migrants Irish Nationality 1.148*** 0.798*** Model controls for EEA born migrants, chance of seeking asylum, ethnicity, Irish nationality, education, English, age, gender, and duration in Ireland www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 11 16 September 2020
Summary of findings • Mechanism of entry is associated with unemployment • EEA migrants less likely to be unemployed • Non-EEA migrants who have come through protection system are further disadvantaged • Human capital is important, as is duration in Ireland (where observed) • Ethnic disadvantage experienced by Black migrants cannot be explained by Human Capital, origin, or Irish nationality. This disadvantage does not apply to other non-White ethnic groups (eg Asians). • Effects of Irish citizenship are complex - may depend on EEA versus non-EEA status. We are investigating this further. Limitations – just first generation, duration info limited, large sample suggests many significant findings although many of the differences are also substantive. www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 12 16 September 2020
Thank you Any questions please email: Fran McGinnity- fran.mcginnity@esri.ie Ivan Privalko- ivan.privalko@esri.ie Shannen Enright- Shannen.Enright@esri.ie This article drew on a research report named “Origin and Integration”, available at https://www.esri.ie/publications/origin-and- integration-a-study-of-migrants-in-the-2016-irish- census www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications 13 16 September 2020
Why focus on migrant integration? 200 150 100 50 0 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 -50 -100 Net migration Emigrants: All destinations Immigrants: All origins Source: CSO Population and Migration Estimates, various releases. www.esri.ie @ESRIDublin #ESRIevents #ESRIpublications Year to April of ref. year
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