Knowledge Diversity in Media Content Analysis – An Analytico-synthetic Approach Devika vika P. Madall dalli and A.R.D. D.Pr Prasad asad DRTC, Indian Statistical Institute Bangalore, INDIA UDCC Classification and Ontologies Seminar, The Hague, Sept 2011
Premise • Knowledge is increasingly characterized by diversity that results in complexities • Socio-cultural background and purposes attribute to knowledge diversity. • Analytico-synthetic approach for topical diversity • Facet analysis (FA) and synthesis for use in annotations for Media Content Analysis within the EC funded 'Living Knowledge' Project.
Introduction As an asset , diversity of knowledge could lead to projections of semantic correlations, bias and opinion mining.
Background – LivingKnowledge Project • Living Knowledge’ (LK) [EU FET project n 0 231126] considers diversity as an asset and aims to make it traceable, understandable and exploitable, with the goal of improving navigation and searching in very large datasets (Maltese, etal, 2009). Aims of the project • study the effects of diversity and time on opinions and bias in socio-economic relevance, especially for seamless representation and exchange of information. • Intuitive search and navigation tools (e.g. search engines) need produce more insightful, better organized, aggregated and easier-to-understand output.
Scope of LivingKnowledge Project • LK employs interdisciplinary competence from philosophy of science, cognitive science, library science and semiotics. • The proposed solution is based on the foundational notions of context and its ability to localize meaning, and the notion of facet, as from library science, and its ability to organize knowledge as a set of interoperable components (i.e.facets). • Diversity of knowledge can be attributed to socio-cultural interactions and dynamics that casts different aspects of same or similar concepts in the same and similar domains.
Facet Analysis and Faceted Classification • ‘Facet’ has been used in different connotations. • Facet is synonymous to category, attribute, class, group, concept etc (La Barre, 2006).
Faceted Analysis and Classification (Contd.) • Facet is a distinct division of domain • Facet is the set of classes got by applying characteristics successively • Many facets together make a domain (different domains have different combinations of facets)
Facet Analysis • FA is an intellectual process leading to analysis of a subject into its facets according to postulates and principles (S.R.Ranganathan) • It results in sorting of terms in a given domain into homogeneous, mutually exclusive facets , each derived from the parent universe (CIU) by a single characteristic of division at each level in a hierarchy.
Media Content Analysis (MCA) • SORA (Institute for Social Research and Consulting Ogris & Hofinger GmbH) carries out Analysis of Media Content. • MCA carried out in 2 phases: • Phase 1: Facts are entered in a ‘codebook’ that formalises the representation of the media resources • Phase 2: Media analysis is based on annotations and coding resources in order to answer some typical questions.
Example of Facetization in MCA • To reconstruct the mediated discourse we have to describe the relevant actors, patterns of interpretation, differences between actors, topics and different degrees of diversity. Example: ‘European elections and integration.’ • The basic research questions are: • What (sub-)topics occur to what extent in the mediated discourse on ‘integration’? • What actors in what roles are present in the mediated discourse on ‘integration’? • What patterns of interpretation occur in the mediated discourse on ‘integration’?
Example of Facetization in MCA • Integration refers to the two chosen sub-topics (labour market and religion) and raised these questions: • What are the main [topics, actors and countries, arguments, frames] related to integration? • Which of these [topics, actors and countries, arguments, frames] are the most [controversial, accepted, subjective, biased, etc.]. • What are the main [politicians, parties, organisations etc.] discussing integration in a [negative, positive, neutral] context? • Which [politicians, parties, organisations etc.] have changed their discourse on integration (i.e. from positive to negative)? • What time periods are most important for integration, and what other events are correlated to these periods? • How developed is the discursive character of statements from different [politicians, parties, organisations etc.]?
Analytico-synthetic Approach -Topical Annotations of Media Content • Library based faceted knowledge organization system build representations by division of domains into distinct facets based on principles of shared unambiguous characteristics between the member concepts (Bhattacharya, 1979). • The same approach has been adopted for MCA, identifying actors indicators - 'Who' -- 'What' and 'To Whom'-- 'What'. • ‘Content’ in media is analysed following the faceted approach for topical representation. ‘Topic' is used to inter - relate the other indicators in a subject based representation.
Indicators (Facets) Who What To Whom What Channel Actor Topic Roles Mass Media Claims Addressee Affiliation Forum Frames Object Actor Scope Blog Opinion Form Facets Topic [D]iscipline Can be represented y using [E]ntity [P]roperty [A]ction [M]odifier With Who To Whom What Common Isolates Channel Space Can be represented using Time Persons Form … etc Faceted representation of codebook indicators
Multidimensional Faceted Representation for Diversity • Faceted representation for Political Science through POPSI technique is represented. Topic Nationalism as an issue in forthcoming European Elections 2012 M D Space Modifiers Time Modifiers Economics Asia 20 th Century Law A Australia 21 st Century Political Science Nomination E Europe 2012 Sociology Administration Socialism Representation Communism Election Fascism Nationalism
Examples • Example : Nationalism as an issue in forthcoming European Elections 2012” . Analyzing into facets : the focus is on European Elections, Nationalism, location and time. Concept Identification: Political Science [Discipline], Nationalism [Entity], Election [Action], Forthcoming [Modifier for Action], European [Space], 2009 [Time]
Coordination • Strings from Political Science have the subject index alphabetic file: • Political Science [Discipline], Election [Action], Free [Modifier for Action], Egypt [Space] • Political Science [Discipline], Election [Action], Europe, Georgia [Space]
Application in MCA • In manual annotations annotators pick a few key terms to assign to the resources being annotated. • A faceted annotator is equipped with subject strings that provide context to the content of media resource. • The advantages are: • annotator can pick the relevant context from a list of suggestions in the form of fully qualified modulated strings of descriptors. • Such a process of subject index is based on principles where context is intrinsically provided. - For example – if the query is ‘Elections in Egypt’ then retrieved set certainly has the strings with ‘Elections’ but since Egypt is space element the concept behind is disambiguated using ‘Egypt’ as context.
EU Corpus and FA • For the purpose of the LK project web resources in domain 'EU Elections' serves as corpus maintained by EA. • Media content is analysed into facets and subject strings are derived in a principled approach.
Example •
POPSI categories and entries are made into a classaurus:
Annotations presented for codebook application .
Advantages – Domain-specific Annotations • Domain-specific annotations can be deployed to provide subject or topical approach to content. • The context is driven by topical concepts at broader or narrower levels to a given term or by space or temporal modifiers. • In LK project facetization enables the MCA to retrieve media discourse by certain concepts that are represented by facets and by intrinsic relations between such facets. • In the SORA model keywords were assigned by annotators, but in faceted model a faceted domain based ontology as shown is deployed to provide the semantic context.
09/11/2001 Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts. Immediately following the first attack, I implemented our government's emergency response plans. Our military is powerful, and it's prepared. Our emergency teams are working in New York City and Washington, D.C., to help with local rescue efforts – 9/11/2001 23
09/11/2011 "These past 10 years underscore the bonds between all Americans. We have not succumbed to suspicion and mistrust. After 9/11, President (George) Bush made clear what we reaffirm today: the United States will never wage war against Islam or any religion. Immigrants come here from all parts of the globe," The progeny of Muslim asylum seekers mar a moment of silence for 9/11 victims by burning an American flag at a London memorial 24
The time and topical change/evolution 09/11/2001 Afghanistan War - 2002 Invasion of Iraq- 2003 Mumbai Attack- 2008 Operation New Dawn - 2010 Ground Zero- 2011 25
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