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KAY 392 Science and Technology Policies Selected Slides COURSE EVALUATION ANALYSIS REPORTS (21%) 3 points for each report, 7 reports in total. Analysis sheet is available as the 3rd page of this syllabus. MIDTERMS EXAM (20%)

  1. KAY 392 Science and Technology Policies Selected Slides

  2. COURSE EVALUATION • ANALYSIS REPORTS (21%) • 3 points for each report, 7 reports in total. • Analysis sheet is available as the 3rd page of this syllabus. • MIDTERMS EXAM (20%) • INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT (20%) • Due Date April 30, 2018 • FINAL EXAM (40%)

  3. IN INDIV IVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT (2 (20%) %) Du Due Da Date Apri ril l 30 30, , 20 2018 18, on on Turn rnit itin (10 (10% si simil ilarity maximum) • Every student need to analyze a different crowdsourcing or crowdfunding platform, either from Turkey or abroad • Examples will be provided in class. • Use screenshots of the website or articles from newspapers or magazines to support your arguments. • When you are finished, upload the assignment to Turnitin as a PPT document saved as KAY 392-INDIVIDUAL-ASSIGNMENT-YOURNAME- SURNAME • For example, KAY392-INDIVIDUAL-ASSIGMENT-AHMET-YILMAZ

  4. IN INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS • The questions to be answered are (nothing else needs to be written) : 1. What is the name and URL (website address) of your example? When, why & by whom was it started/created? What is/are the problem(s) it aims to solve? 2. Is it useful, is it solving the problems it is created to solve? What are your criteria of evaluation? 3. Find a real or potential positive and negative externality about this platform. Discuss how it can be solved/addressed. 4. Is there an implementation problem about this platform? How can it be solved? Provide at least one specific suggestion for improvement.

  5. IN INDIV IVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT EVALUATION CRIT ITERIA 1. Each question answered properly: -/+4 points 2. Spelling and grammar errors (more than 3): -4 points 3. Evidence/Documentation used for answers made available: -/+4 points per answer 4. Incorrect naming of the document: -2 points 5. Late submissions: Minus (-)10 points per day. 6. More than 10% similarity on Turnitin: -20 points • Caution: Plagiarized reports will result in a failing grade.

  6. Topics Included in the KAY 392 Midterm • What is public policy? Basic concepts • Theodolou & Kofinis, pp. 22-34. • IT Policy • Coopey , Richard (2004).” Information Technology Policy: Competing for the Future”, In Richard Coopey (Ed.s), IT Policy: An International History, Oxford: Oxford U. Press. (Electronic Resource) • Public policy analysis process & actors • Theodolou & Kofinis, pp. 36-76. • Examples of Private Firms Playing Roles in Science & Tech. Policies • Technology and its effects on public policy analysis • Turkish Information Technology Strategy and Action-Plan, 2015-2018, • http://www.bilgitoplumu.gov.tr/en/wp-content/uploads /2016/03/Information _Society_Strategy_and_Action_Plan_2015-2018.pdf • CQ Reports analyzed before the midterm date

  7. KAY 392 392 WHAT IS PUBLIC POLICY? Theodolou & Kofinis, 2004: 22-34.

  8. WHAT IS PUBLIC POLICY? • What governments choose to do or choose not to do (Thomas Dye) • Inaction is a policy as well. • An analytical problem-solving and decision-making process • Multi-disciplinary, multi-method, problem-focused and action-oriented (Wayne Parsons) • Minimize or Maximize something • Decrease what is too much, increase what is too little. • Speaking truth to power (Aaron Wildavsky) • In pluralist democracies, speaking truth s to power s • Policy science s of democracy (Harold Lasswell)

  9. Nature of Public Policy Studies • Interdisciplinary (multi-disciplinary) • Integrates knowledge from different disciplines • Public adm., political science, sociology, psychology, economics & management • Multi-method • Qualitative and quantitative • Problem-focused, action-oriented • Analyzes public choices & decision-making • We expect governments to have policy

  10. Policy Making Process Cycle • Predecision Phase • Problem definition • Agenda setting • Policy formulation • Decision Phase • Policy adoption • Postdecision Phase • Policy implementation • Policy evaluation • Policy change or termination

  11. CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF PP 1. Represents both action and inaction 2. Involves both formal and informal players inside and outside government 3. Includes a variety of policy actions 4. Intentional actions to achieve a (sometimes vague) goal 5. Leads to intentional and unintentional consequences 6. The process follows predicision, decision and post decision steps

  12. Actions in PP • Policy actions • Legislative • Judicial • Executive • Action: • The US decision to drop an atom bomb to Japan during World War II • Inaction: • The decision not to drop an atom bomb to Soviet Russia during the Cold War

  13. Inaction in PP • Example: The decision to accept or not accept refugees to the European Union? • Do we want to change the economic, political, social status-quo? • Do we need to change the status-quo? • Once the status-quo changes, the consequences are unclear. • Potential consequences of action versus inaction

  14. Intended Actions & Unintended Consequences (Externalities) • Unintended, Unforeseen Consequences • Externalities (Both positive & negative) • Example: Protecting women from domestic violence means more divorces and more husbands seeing their children less

  15. ACTORS & STAGES OF PP Actors Policy Policy Policy Policy Evaluation Design Adoption Implementation Government National Government Local Government Private Sector Non-governmental Actors (Lobbyists, interest groups, citizen activists) International Organizations Media

  16. FORMAL ACTORS • Operate with constitutional & legal legitimacy in institutional arenas of policy • Executive, legislative and judiciary • Elected and appointed officials • Politicians & bureaucrats • Members of Parliament (MPs), mayors…

  17. INFORMAL ACTORS/PLAYERS • Experts and academics • Lobbyists • Citizen activists • Political consultants • Interest groups • Media • Think tanks

  18. TYPES OF PUBLIC POLICIES • Different typologies • Substantive versus procedural policies • Redistributive vs. distributive policies • Regulatory vs. self-regulatory policies • Material vs. symbolic policies

  19. Substantive vs. Procedural Policies • Substantive: • Definition: A tangible action, with benefits & costs, advantages and disadvantages • Example: Constructing a nuclear plant • Procedural • Definition: Arranging rules, conditions and actors for action • Example: Preparing strategic plans

  20. Redistributive vs. Distributive Policies • Redistributive • Definition:Shift resources, material benefits, rights and privilidges among various segments of the population • Creates «winners» at the expense of «losers» • Example: Urban transformation • Distributive: • Definition: Assignment of goods and services to target populations specified by the government • Example: Agricultural subsidies, material aids to the poor, elderly etc.

  21. Regulatory vs. Self-regulatory Policies • Regulatory: • Definition: Governmentally mandated rules on the actions of specific target populations • Example: Airline safety regulations, environmental protection rules (Volkswagen case in lying about CO2 emissions) • Self-regulatory • Definition: An attempt to self-manage rules that restrict or control the behavior by the target population itself • Example: Professional standards, for attorneys, doctors, etc.

  22. Material vs. Symbolic Policies • Material: • Definition: Provide tangible benefits or power to their beneficiaries, or impose real disadvantages on affected parties • Example: Monetary support for parents, who would like to send their kids to private schools (school vouchers) • Symbolic: • Definition: Principally rhetorical and seek to inform or persuade populations • Attempt to appeal to emotions • Example: Speech calling for World peace

  23. Where did public policy come from?-1 • Explanation 1: Since the emergence of organized societies • After the division of labor regarding the rulers and the ruled, rulers needed advice. • Advisors beginning from ancient China, Egypt and India • Wazir: the ones who help carry the load • Oral and written advice. • No real data collecton and analysis • Mostly experience-based

  24. Where did public policy come from?-2 • Explanation 2: Late 1700s, Early 1800s • French Revolution • Enlightenment • Industrial Revolution • Migration to cities and urbanization • How to solve the problems of urbanization? • Crime, education, health, infrastructure … • Systematic data collection and simple data analysis

  25. Where did public policy come from?-3 • Explanation 3- During and After the second World War, in the US and its allies • Systematic data collection and complicated data analysis • Statistics, mathematical models, operations research… • Uses spread into the civilian domain after the War

  26. How did public policy emerge? All 3 Explanations Explanation Data Collection Data Analysis Policy is Based On Explanation 1: Almost none Almost none Mostly experience Since the transmission emergence of organized societies Explanation 2: Systematic data No complicated Scientific analysis Since the Industrial collection analysis Revolution Explanation 3: Systematic data Statistics, Advanced During and After collection mathematical methods of models, the second World scientific analysis War, in the US and operations its allies research

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