Integration of Mitigation and Mitigation and Integration of Adaptation Policy Frameworks Adaptation Policy Frameworks into the UNFCCC process into the UNFCCC process Kanako Morita Morita Kanako Tokyo Institute of Technology Institute of Technology Tokyo Feb19- - 20 2006, AIM Workshop 20 2006, AIM Workshop Feb19
Outline of my presentation Outline of my presentation � How adaptation policies had been How adaptation policies had been � dealt with in political and policy dealt with in political and policy context context � Possible adaptation institutions Possible adaptation institutions � • Financing system for climate adaptation Financing system for climate adaptation • � Four important issues Four important issues � � Contribution of scenario analysis to Contribution of scenario analysis to � solve these issues solve these issues
� Mitigation Mitigation � • An anthropogenic intervention to reduce the An anthropogenic intervention to reduce the • sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases • E.g. Efficient use of energy, Energy saving, CO E.g. Efficient use of energy, Energy saving, CO 2 • 2 recovery/ storage recovery/ storage � Adaptation Adaptation � • Adjustment in natural or human systems in Adjustment in natural or human systems in • response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities beneficial opportunities • E.g. E.g. Dikes and piers, Promote the efficiency of Dikes and piers, Promote the efficiency of • water use, Improvement of soil nutrition, water use, Improvement of soil nutrition, Prediction of Infectious diseases, Private/ Public Prediction of Infectious diseases, Private/ Public insurance insurance Source: IPCC, 2001
Importance of climate adaptation (1) Importance of climate adaptation (1) � Impact of climate change is already Impact of climate change is already � evident (IPCC, 2001) evident (IPCC, 2001) • Impact to ecosystem, agriculture, society, Impact to ecosystem, agriculture, society, • infrastructure, human health… …. . infrastructure, human health � It is impossible to reverse the process It is impossible to reverse the process � of climate change of climate change
出所： IPCC, 2001 Source: IPCC, 2001
Importance of climate adaptation (2) Importance of climate adaptation (2) � Adaptation is an important issue Adaptation is an important issue � especially to developing countries and especially to developing countries and small island states small island states � Developing countries tend to be more Developing countries tend to be more � vulnerable to climate change than change than vulnerable to climate industrialized countries countries (IPCC, 2001) industrialized (IPCC, 2001) • Inequity between North and South Inequity between North and South • � Conflict between argument of North and South Conflict between argument of North and South � in the international climate negotiation in the international climate negotiation
International Climate Negotiation International Climate Negotiation Industrialized Countries Developing Countries Industrialized Countries Developing Countries Call for a financial and Interested mainly technical assistance in “Mitigation” for “Adaptation” Small Small ｓ LDC ｓ LDC Island Island EU EU Economies Economies States States under under Transitions Transitions (Russia) (Russia) Oil Oil Umbrella Umbrella Producing Producing countries countries (US, Japan) (US, Japan)
Climate adaptation discussions on Climate adaptation discussions on climate negotiation climate negotiation （ 1995 ） ~ COP1 （ 1995 ） ~ COP1 Discussions were focused on mitigation Discussions were focused on mitigation COP6 （ （ 2000 2000 ） ） COP6 （ 2001 ） COP7 （ 2001 ） Establishment of adaptation related funds COP7 Establishment of adaptation related funds （ SCCF ） , Least Special Climate Change Fund （ SCCF ） Special Climate Change Fund , Least （ LDCF ） , Adaptation Developed Country Fund （ LDCF ） Developed Country Fund , Adaptation Fund （ （ AF AF ） ） Fund （ 2002 ） COP8 （ 2002 ） Adoption of “ “Delhi Declaration Delhi Declaration on Climate on Climate COP8 Adoption of Change and Sustainable Development ” ” Change and Sustainable Development （ 2003 ） COP9 （ 2003 ） Detailed decisions of adaptation related funds COP9 Detailed decisions of adaptation related funds were made were made COP10 （ （ 2004 2004 ） ） Establishment of “ “Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Programme Programme of of COP10 Establishment of work on Adaptation and Response measures” ” work on Adaptation and Response measures was decided was decided COP11 “Fi “ Five ve- -year work year work programme programme on adaptation to climate on adaptation to climate COP11 change impacts” change impacts ” was established was established （ 2005 ） COP/ MOP1 （ 2005 ） COP/ MOP1
The reasons why adaptation has The reasons why adaptation has received increased attention received increased attention � Growing recognition of the idea that Growing recognition of the idea that � mitigation cannot solve climate mitigation cannot solve climate impact thoroughly impact thoroughly (from interview with Dr. Burto urton and Dr. n and Dr. Huq Huq) ) (from interview with Dr. B � Concerns of developing countries and Concerns of developing countries and � financing issues financing issues (from Interview with Mr. Tirpak Tirpak) ) (from Interview with Mr. � Discussions over mitigation has Discussions over mitigation has � calmed down after COP6 COP6 calmed down after
Assistance to Address Adaptation Assistance to Address Adaptation GEF Assistance to Address Adaptation AF SPA LDCF SCCF GEF Trust Fund Least Developed Special Climate Adaptation Country Fund Change Fund Fund Strategic Priority Piloting an （preparation and Top Priority to (2% of the share Operational implementation Adaptation of the proceeds Approach to of NAPAs） of the CDM) Adaptation Source ： GEF, 2005
Key points in designing adaptation Key points in designing adaptation financing system financing system � Linkage among various issue areas Linkage among various issue areas � � Link between global and local level efforts Link between global and local level efforts � Ozone Depletion Persistent Organic International Waters Pollutants Climate Change Biodiversity （CBD） Land Degradation（CCD） （UNFCCC） Global Global Local Local Community Community Community Human health Agriculture Water Insurance and financial services Coastal and marine ecosystem
Linkage between Global efforts and Linkage between Global efforts and Local Communities Local Communities GEF Global GEF Nation National Local Local Community Community Community Community
Overview of Tuvalu Overview of Tuvalu � Land area Land area： ：About 26 About 26㎢ ㎢ � � Population Population： ：1 11463 1463 （ � （2004 2004） ） � Economy Economy： ：Least Developed Least Developed � Country （ （LDCs LDCs） ） Country • GDP: 27.5 million GDP: 27.5 million Aus Australian tralian • dollar （ dollar （2002 2002） ） � Revenue Revenue � • Fishing fee, Allocation of Fishing fee, Allocation of • Tuvalu Trust Fund, dotTV dotTV Tuvalu Trust Fund, and telecommunication and telecommunication license fees license fees Source：UNDAF, 2002
気候変動の影響 気候変動の影響 Climate Change Temperature rise, Sea level rise, Change of precipitation; Frequency of high water, cyclone, flood, drought Costal erosion Damage to agriculture Decrease in production of main food crops such as taro, caused by soil salinization サンゴの白化 Change in ecosystem Damage to fishing industry Coral breaching Decrease in fishery yield Damage to human health Shortage of daily life water Health damage caused by sewage Shortage of freshwater from underwater
Examples of adaptation options in Tuvalu Examples of adaptation options in Tuvalu Sector Examples of adaptation options ・ Costal protection including engineered structures, bio- Costal zone and marine engineered systems and traditional indigenous ecosystem approaches ・ Research into appropriate assessment, monitoring and protection systems ・ Improve epidemic preparedness and response Human health ・ Improve water supply and sanitation to reduce diarrhoeal disease ・ Promotion of crop diversity and traditional practices Agriculture and ・ Crop development food security ・ Flood control and reduction of flood damage potential in Water resources settlements on flood plains ・ Reduce water leakage in supply systems ・ Build wind resistant dwellings and other structures Climate disaster ・ Maintain crop diversity and reducing the recent and reduction growing dependence on crops such as cassava that are highly vulnerable to high winds Source ： Hay et al., 2005
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