Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity Brook Milligan Department of Biology New Mexico State University Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003 brook@nmsu.edu Fall 2009 Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Types of Valuation for Biodiversity Direct use value productive use value consumptive use value Indirect use value nonconsumptive use value option value existence value Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Ecosystem Productivity Increases with Diversity Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Protection of Soil and Water Resources New York City watershed expenses during 1980s: $1.5 billion Asian tsunami: 26 December 2004 effects worsened because of destruction of coastal mangrove forests Hurricane Katrina: 29 August 2005 worsened by damage to coastal wetlands and barrier islands 1,900 square miles of coastal wetlands lost since 1930s Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Protection of Soil and Water Resources Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Regulation of Climate Local climate: temperature reduction by transpiration Regional and global climate: reduction of rainfall due to deforestation Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Waste Treatment and Water Retention Aquatic communities absorbing waste New York Bight destination in Atlantic Ocean of Hudson River currently stressed with excess waste Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Species Interactions Indirect effects of species interactions benefit harvested species Examples Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Species Interactions Indirect effects of species interactions benefit harvested species Examples pollinators parasitoids reducing pest populations mycorrhizal fungi Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Environmental Monitoring Accumulation of toxins and pollutants integrates chemical inputs into environment Examples Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Environmental Monitoring Accumulation of toxins and pollutants integrates chemical inputs into environment Examples DDT accumulation: R. Carson, 1962, Silent Spring toxin accumulation in mussels, clams, oysters polar bear body fat and toxin accumulation Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Environmental Monitoring: Arctic Ecosystem Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Environmental Monitoring: Polar Bear Tissue Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Recreation and Ecotourism Amboseli National Park, Kenya early 1970s each lion: $27,000 annually elephant herd: $610,000 annually currently elephant herd: $25 million annually Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Recreation and Ecotourism: Yellowstone Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Recreation and Ecotourism: Phillipines Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Nonconsumptive Use Value Education and Scientific Value Nature-themed books, films Sources of educational examples Library of research resources Enrich human experience Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Option Value Value of future use (usually future consumptive use) Measurable by assessing impact of species recently exploited for consumptive use Examples Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Option Value Value of future use (usually future consumptive use) Measurable by assessing impact of species recently exploited for consumptive use Examples Future biological control agents Genetic crop resources improve crop production and increase food security ( http://www.bioversityinternational.org ) sunflowers ( Helianthus spp.): $267–$384 million annual value to the US sunflower industry tomato: one wild variety contributed to a 2.4% increase in solids contents worth $250 million peanuts: source of resistance to root knot nematode, which costs growers around the world $100 million Bhut Jolokia chile from India Future medicinals Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Option Value: Medicinals Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Existence Value Value of maintaining biodiversity in wild to visit someday simply to protect How can this be quantified? Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
Existence Value Value of maintaining biodiversity in wild to visit someday simply to protect How can this be quantified? Partially measurable based upon contributions to organizations Nature Conservancy World Wildlife Fund Audobon Society Native Plant Society Brook Milligan Indirect Economic Value of Biodiversity
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