in Elite Endurance and Sprint Athletes 7th Annual Congress of the - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Department of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, University of Athens, Greece Insulin Action in Elite Endurance and Sprint Athletes 7th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science ATHENS 2002

AEROBIC TRAINING... Increase: • Capillary density & muscle blood flow • Number/activity of Glut-4 • Nonoxidative glucose metabolism - glycogen synthesis • Oxidative enzyme activity • Lipid metabolism Decrease: • Body fat mass • Hepatic glucose production  …Blood Glucose Control Houmard, et. al., 1991, 1995; Hardin, et. al., 1995; Ebeling, et. al., 1993; Andersen & Henriksson, 1977; Holmang, et. al., 1992; Lillioja, et. al., 1987; Simoneau & Kelley, 1997; Bjorntorp, et. al., 1972; Yki-Jarvinen, & Koivisto, 1983; Rodnick, et. al., 1987.

RESISTANCE TRAINING... Increase: • Capillary-to-muscle-fiber ratio & muscle blood flow • Nonoxidative glucose metabolism - glycogen synthesis • Muscle mass • Lipid metabolism Decrease: • Body fat mass ? • Hepatic glucose production • Number/activity of Glut-4  …Blood Glucose Control Tesch, 1988; Miller, et. al., 1994; Miller, et. al., 1984; Craig, et. al., 1989; Yki-Jarvinen, & Koivisto, 1983; Houmard, et. al., 1995

In the present study... ? (A) H O Chronic M Aerobic Training E O or S T Chronic A T Anaerobic Training I C (B) S Y Body Fat and S Muscle Mass role T E M

Methodological approach... H O M E O S T A T I C S Y S T E M Insulin Peripheral Release Resistance I N GUP-factors Glucose P • insulin action Load U • glucose-mass action T O U T Insulin Metabolized P Curve Glucose U T DeFronzo, et. al., 1979; Bergman, et. al., 1981; Cederholm, & Wibell, 1985

THE SUBJECTS... • 8 elite endurance runners • 8 elite sprint runners & • 7 untrained subjects-control P r o f i l e o f t h e A t h l e t e s Endurance Sprint n runners runners Age (yr) 24±3,16 23,75±1,67 23 Training ( yr) 7,63±3,66 7,25±3,06 16 100m (") -- 10,64±0,22 4 110m (") -- 14,00 1 200m (") -- 21,71±0,32 5 400m (") -- 47,64±1,68 2 H. Jump (m) -- 7,64 1 5000m (') 15,02±0,84 -- 8 10000m (') 30,51±1,23 -- 6

Physiological Tests... Body Composition (DXA) A e r o b i c T e s t A n a e r o b i c T e s t (WAnT) Fat (kg) Lean (kg) PVO2 (mL/kg/m) AVT (%) PP (W/kg) MP (W/kg) Lact (mmol/L) Endurance 4.9 ± 2.2 52.9 ± 3.1 72.6 ± 4.9* 79.6 ± 7* 11.4 ± 0.6 8.6 ± 0.6* 14 ± 2 runners Sprint 6.2 ± 1.6 68.7 ± 5.4* 51 ± 2.8 68.7 ± 5.3* 13.6 ± 0.6* 9.2 ± 0.3* 18.3 ± 2* runners Control 16.1 ± 7.3* 55.4 ± 5.6 44.8 ± 6.6 59.4 ± 6.8 11.8 ± 1.2 7.6 ± 0.8 18 ± 2*

OGTT -75g... Preconditions • Diet … (250-300 g/d CHD) • Fasting … (12.24 ± 1.53 h) • Refraining from exercise … (52.21 ± 10.24 h) Procedure • Glucose Load … 75g anhydrous glucose in 400 ml water • Blood Samples … 0', 30', 60', 90' & 120' • Time of the first blood sample … 11.09± 1.18 a.m

First Glance... 7 , 5 7 , 0 6 , 5 6 , 0 5 , 5 Glucose Curves 5 , 0 ) l / L o m (m 4 , 5 e s o c lu G 4 , 0 3 , 5 3 , 0 0 3 0 6 0 9 0 1 2 0 E n d u r a n c e r u n n e r s T i m e ( m i n ) S p r i n t r u n n e r s 1 1 0 C o n t r o l 9 0 7 0 5 0 Insulin Curves / l) U (m lin u 3 0 s In 1 0 - 1 0 0 3 0 6 0 9 0 1 2 0 T i m e ( m i n )

Insulin Release... 1 6 0 1 6 0 1 4 0 1 4 0 Total Areas 1 2 0 1 2 0 under the Curves: * * * 1 0 0 1 0 0 Glucose 8 0 8 0 s c /L In /L ) ) lu /h l/h C G U U o (m C m A U (m 6 0 6 0 A Insulin 4 0 4 0 N S 2 0 2 0 0 0 E n d u r a n c e r u n n e r s S p r i n t r u n n e r s C o n t r o l s 8 0 Delay of * ** 7 0 Insulin Release: Δ A U C I n s 6 0 5 0 0'-30' 4 0 /L ) /h U (m N S 30'-120' 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 E n d u r a n c e r u n n e r s S p r i n t r u n n e r s C o n t r o l s

Thinking... …The higher insulin release the greater target-tissues (muscle, fat, liver) resistance to insulin action. Radinowitz, et. al., 1962; Karam, et. al., 1966

Peripheral Resistance... 0 , 5 0 , 4 * * * 0 , 3 Total Insulin -R ) in /m s N S t-In g /m o 0 , 2 U T Resistance (m C o n t r o l s 0 , 1 S p r i n t E n d u r a n c e r u n n e r s r u n n e r s 0 , 0 G r o u p s 0 , 1 4 5 N S 0 , 1 3 5 Relative Peripheral 0 , 1 2 5 Resistance (1 / M)* 0 , 1 1 5 w ) g /k b l-R g /m e in (kg BW) (m * ** r 0 , 1 0 5 0 , 0 9 5 0 , 0 8 5 E n d u r a n c e r u n n e r s S p r i n t r u n n e r s C o n t r o l s * Cederholm, & Wibell, 1985

Thesis 1... ENDURANCE RUNNERS have the lowest target-tissues resistance to insulin...  …best Insulin Sensitivity!

Thesis 2... SPRINT RUNNERS have lower target-tissues resistance to insulin compare with untrained subjects...  …better Insulin Sensitivity!

The Strongest Predictor... rel-Rbw Tot-Ins-R r P r P Fat mass 0.69* <0.001 Lean mass 0.69* <0.001 PVO2 -0.52* <0.013 Fat mass 0.61* <0.003 AVT -0.47* <0.024 PVO2 -0.75* <0.001 MP -0.57* <0.005 AVT -0.43* <0.044 Lact 0.55* <0.007

Thesis 3... LOW BODY FAT has the most positive effect to Insulin Sensitivity...  …better Lipid Metabolism! LeBrance, et. al., 1979; Yki-Jarvinen, & Koivisto, 1983; Hargreaves, et al., 1991; Saloranta, et. al., 1993

Thesis 4... LARGE MUSCLE MASS has not any positive effect to Insulin Sensitivity...  …no change in Muscle Metabolism? Yki-Jarvinen, & Koivisto, 1983

Thesis 5... TYPE OF TRAINING... • Aerobic Power • Body Fat • Anaerobic Threshold • Muscles Endurance  …ISULIN ACTION IMPROVEMENT

CONCLUSION... The chronic adaptations of both Aerobic and Anaerobic track and field training have positive effect to Insulin Action, but those induced by the Aerobic type of training have the most pronounced effect.

Department of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, University of Athens, Greece I thank you

AEROBIC TRAINING... • Glucose Transport and Metabolism • Body Composition and Lipid Metabolism • Hepatic Glucose output ? • Insulin Signaling  …Blood Glucose Control

RESISTANCE TRAINING... • Glucose Transport and Metabolism • Body Composition and Lipid Metabolism ? • Insulin Signaling • Hepatic Glucose output  …Blood Glucose Control

Body Fat apart (bibliography accordance)... Anaerobic training Aerobic training (resistance training) • Capillary density-muscle blood flow • Capillary-to-muscle-fiber ratio- muscle blood flow • Oxidative enzyme activity • Nonoxidative glucose metabolism- • Number/activity of Glut-4 glycogen synthesis • Nonoxidative glucose metabolism- ? • Number/activity of Glut-4 glycogen synthesis ? • Hepatic glucose production • Hepatic glucose production Houmard, et. al., 1991, 1995; Hardin, et. al., 1995; Ebeling, et. al., 1993; Miller, et. al., 1994; Andersen & Henriksson, 1977; Holmang, et. al., 1992; Lillioja, et. al., 1987; Tesch, 1988; Simoneau & Kelley, 1997

I thank you

Adaptations... Aerobic training Anaerobic training

Glucose uptake increase E I N X S E U Glucose output decrease L R Blood I Glucose N C A I C • Glucose uptake increase T • FFA production decrease S I E O N BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL