Reducing the Numbers of People with Mental Illnesses in County Jail Marilyn Brown Commission President Paula Brooks John O’Grady Commissioner Commissioner Presentation to Board of Commissioners May 13, 2015 1
Overview Project History / Approach Findings Recommendations Next Steps Council of State Governments Justice Center 2
Franklin County is part of a large national movement to reduce mental illnesses in jails December 9, 2014 federal, state and local leaders, such as Commissioner Brown, discussed their support for reducing the number of people with mental illnesses in jails. Council of State Governments Justice Center 3
Federal speakers discussed legislation that supports counties’ efforts to reduce the number of people with mental illnesses in jails U.S. Sen. Al Franken (left, D-MN) and U.S. Rep. Richard Nugent (above, R-FL) Council of State Governments Justice Center 4
The Stepping Up Initiative officially launched with a series of events in May 2015 • May 5 , Washington DC • May 5, Johnson County, KS • May 6, Miami-Dade County, FL • May 7, Sacramento, CA Council of State Governments Justice Center 5
National Initiative Hillsborough County NEW HAMPSHIRE Franklin County OHIO New York City NEW YORK Salt Lake County (5 Counties) UTAH Johnson County KANSAS Bexar County TEXAS Council of State Governments Justice Center 6
Much innovation already underway in Franklin County Council of State Governments Justice Center 7
But Franklin County leaders agree more needs to be done… Council of State Governments Justice Center 8
Jail Population Declining Nationally Inmates confined in local jails at midyear and percent change in the jail population, 2000-2013 NUMBER OF INMATES ANNUAL PERCENT AT MIDYEAR CHANGE 900,000 6.0 800,000 5.0 700,000 4.0 600,000 3.0 500,000 2.0 400,000 1.0 300,000 0.0 200,000 -1.0 100,000 -2.0 0 -3.0 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 YEAR Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Jail Inmates at Midyear 2013—Statistical Tables,” 2014. Council of State Governments Justice Center 9
What About Persons with Mental Illnesses ? AVERAGE DAILY JAIL POPULATION (ADP) AND ADP WITH MENTAL HEALTH DIAGNOSIS 13,576 Total 11,948 Total NEW YORK CITY 10,257 7,557 76% 63% 3,319 4,391 24% 37% 2005 2012 M Group Non-M Group Source: The City of New York Department of Correction Council of State Governments Justice Center 10
95% 5%
The Problem: Overrepresentation of Persons with Serious Mental Illnesses Arrested at disproportionately Stay longer in jail and prison higher rates • Co-occurrence of SUD • Homelessness Limited access to health care High recidivism rates Low utilization of EBPs More criminogenic risk factors Council of State Governments Justice Center 12
Recidivism Is Not Simply a Product of Mental Illness: Criminogenic Risk RISK – ≠ Crime type – ≠ Dangerousness – ≠ Failure to appear – ≠ Sentence or disposition – ≠ Custody or security classification level Risk = How likely is a person to commit a crime or violate the conditions of supervision? Council of State Governments Justice Center 13
How do we measure criminogenic risk ? Static Factors Dynamic factors Criminal history History of antisocial behavior - number of arrests Antisocial personality pattern - number of convictions Antisocial cognition - type of offenses Antisocial associates Current charges Family and/or marital factors Age at first arrest Poor school and/or work performance Current age Few leisure or recreational Gender activities Substance abuse Council of State Governments Justice Center 14
Risk-Need-Responsivity Model as a Guide to Best Practices • Focus resources on high RISK cases • Target criminogenic NEEDS , such as antisocial behavior, substance abuse, antisocial attitudes, and criminogenic peers • RESPONSIVITY – Tailor the intervention to the learning style, motivation, culture, demographics, and abilities of the offender. Address the issues that affect responsivity (e.g., mental illnesses) Council of State Governments Justice Center 15
Overview Project History / Approach Findings Recommendations Next Steps Council of State Governments Justice Center 16
Sources of Data SHERIFF’S OFFICE Study Cohort Used to develop risk proxy Used for re-booking recidivism analysis 2010 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 Jail Bookings Jail Jail Jail Jail Jail Bookings Bookings 32,638 Bookings Bookings Bookings Accessed the Shelter System Community One Year Prior to Booking Shelter Board 1,168 Unique Individuals Booked* Matched to SMI Services ADAMH Flags 21,966 Board 1,554 *Included only first bookings and removed cases missing DOB and SSN 17 Council of State Governments Justice Center
More than half of all adults re-enter jail within 3 years of release PERCENT REBOOKED IN 3 YEARS 56% 49% Felony Misdemeanor N=14,198 N=5,643 * Analysis of first Franklin County jail bookings in 2010 Council of State Governments Justice Center 18
People with serious mental illnesses return more frequently PERCENT RE-INCARCERATED IN THREE YEARS 60% 51% Non-SMI Flag SMI N = 20,412 N = 1,554 * Analysis of first Franklin County jail bookings in 2010 ** SMI identified using match to behavioral health service utilization data 19 Council of State Governments Justice Center
People with serious mental illnesses stay longer in jail AVERAGE LENGTH OF STAY IN JAIL (DAYS) 20 Non-SMI N = 20,412 SMI 32 N = 1,554 * Analysis of first Franklin County jail bookings in 2010 ** SMI identified using match to behavioral health service utilization data Council of State Governments Justice Center 20
People with serious mental illnesses are slightly higher risk RISK DISTRIBUTION Non-SMI SMI 46% 41% 30% 29% 30% 24% Low Risk Med Risk High Risk * Analysis of first Franklin County jail bookings in 2010 ** SMI identified using match to behavioral health service utilization data 21 Council of State Governments Justice Center
How Does the Population Identified with SMI Differ from Those Not Identified as Having SMI? No significant Similar proportion Different ALOS differences in charge booked pretrial vs. regardless of risk level* Risk factors include prior jail bookings, level sentenced age, charge level, and offense type * Analysis of first Franklin County jail bookings in 2010 ** SMI identified using match to behavioral health service utilization data Council of State Governments Justice Center 22
Individuals with serious mental illnesses who experienced homelessness prior to jail booking have higher recidivism rates PERCENT RE-BOOKED IN THREE YEARS 76% No shelter contact Shelter contact 1 yr prior to booking 63% 56% 45% Non-SMI flag SMI flag N = 20,412 N = 1,554 *Analysis of first Franklin County jail bookings in 2010; SMI identified using match to behavioral health service utilization data; ** Shelter flag defined as accessing shelter one year prior to jail booking 23 Council of State Governments Justice Center
Information on risk is not systematically collected to inform decision-making Decisions Regarding Pretrial Risk Community Supervision (ORAS) ? • • Risk of failure to appear in Municipal Probation • court Class 1 Misdemeanants only • • Risk of re-arrest during Common Pleas Adult Probation pretrial period (felony probationers) 24 Council of State Governments Justice Center
Information on needs is not systematically collected to inform decision-making Matched to ADAMH People Booked into Data and Identified Franklin County Jail* 9% as SMI Prior to 21,966 Booking Actual Number of People with SMI Bookings with ALOS > 3 Days Entering Jails is UKNOWN 10,523 National Estimates** 22% of SMI Population in Jail After 3 Days * Analysis of first Franklin County jail bookings in 2010 **Extrapolated from national data on jail populations. 25 Council of State Governments Justice Center
Many people with serious mental illnesses released from jail are not receiving the treatment and supports they need in the community POTENTIAL KNOWN GAP GAP Bookings with ALOS > 3 Days Matched to ADAMH National Estimates of 10,523 Data and Identified SMI Population in as SMI Prior to Jail After 3 Days** Booking* Actual Number of People with SMI Entering Jails is 969 UKNOWN 2,315 People with SMI People with SMI Treatment following release LOW RISK 609 360 1,706 609 40% Received Did NOT receive As many as 1,706 Received treatment from treatment from did NOT receive treatment from ADAMH funded ADAMH funded treatment from ADAMH funded HIGH/ provider within a providers within ADAMH funded provider within a MOD RISK year of release a year of release providers within a year of release 60% year of release * Analysis of first Franklin County jail bookings in 2010 **Extrapolated from national data on jail populations 26 Council of State Governments Justice Center
Overview Project History / Approach Findings Recommendations Next Steps Council of State Governments Justice Center 27
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