IE1206. embedded Electronics. Presentations from year 2013-2014 This is a saved copy of a previous edition of the course from year 2013-2014. Content Exercises with Structure charts. Ex_structure_en.pdf Sequence, selection and iteration - structurediagram. 1. Year, ringsignals, communication means, chain. 2. Structur diagram - components, signals, trainset, school schedule, panel discussion. 3. push-ups, cake. Introduction - mini report. F_intro_en.pdf embedded systems, development team. Simple development system!. Technical report. Assembly Image, Block diagram, Chart types for program code. Structure diagram, State chart, (flow chart). Publishing software code. fixed width font - Courier New Comments, ASCII-graphics Prototyping, Functional prototype - Product breadboard, Breakoutboard, stripboard, PCB (Electronic Cad) (Mockup) PIC-processor. F_PIC_en.pdf PIC 8-bit processor. 63 different types of Midrange PIC processors! Cheapest PIC-processor less than one dollar. IO devices increases 8-bit processors' performance Program memory (pages), Data memory - register File (Bank) SFR/GPR. PC, IR, ALU, W-register. 2-stage Pipeline. Instruktion Fetch - Execute 8 clock cykles. Instructionsformat. Byte operations, program constants, bit operations, jump, Conditional tests, skip. Exeqution time. 4 MHz - 1 us (jump 2us). Ports, port pin. Tris-registers. An Assembly program. C-code. Compilation report. (Cc5x internal variables). (Cc5x internal funktions). ( Simple C- statements to Assembler ). Typical program structures. 1
Initiate then eternal loop. Single run program - avoid sleep (the power saving mode) closes IO-units. Wait for a key press. Blocking code, Contact bounces, delay()-function. C-functions. TMR0. Keypresses non blocking code. Checkbox or Radiobutton? C:s Switch Case expression. Programing with state chart. Warning for the RMW-problem! Serial communication vith PIC-processor. F_PIC_COM_en.pdf ASCII-table. \r\n for return. parallell-serial-parallell conversion, UART/USART/EUSART. Bitrate. Baude rate generator. Transmitter, TXREG-TXIF. Reciever, RCREG-RCIF. Unlocking procedure.. Seriecom - Hardware. Console program. Test program echo()/crypto() Bitbanging. Functions rl() och rr() . getchar() putchar() . Test program 'U' - squarewave. Handling of text strings and numbers. Le_strings_en.pdf PIC-processor - computed goto C-program skip() computed goto. #pragma return[] . Strings with pointers. String start addressas function parameters. Constant and variable strings. Enter a string. Compare strings. printf() -lookalike. From binary to ASCII-string. Digital pulse sensors. Le_dig_pot_en.pdf Digital pulse sensors. Mechanical sensing, Optical sensing. State diagram. (Digital interpolation). (Reference pulse). Program example - count pulses. - missed pulses? Interrupt Lokal enable, peripherial enable, global enable. Interrupt flags. Interrupt routine #pragma origin , int_save_registers , int_restore_registers . Context saving - important! Examplel. RPG-interrupt program. Computer mouse - Douglas C Engelbart Magnet sensor, Hall effectn Hall switch unipolar/bipolar Electricity. 2
Le_electricity_en.pdf School model of the Magnesium atom. Periodic system. Leader/Insulator/Semiconductor. Voltage Current Resistance. Fluid analogy to DC circuits. OHM's law, current direction, conductivity. (Resistors colorcode). Conductor resistance, resistivity. Ex 2.1 - how long is the cable? Example - Voltage drop in a cable. Example - strain gauge. Resistance temperature dependence. Ex. What temperature has the motor winding? Temperature ITS-90. Resistance thermometers. Four wire measurement. Ex 2.4 Three wire connection. Measure with AD-converter. PTC thermistors - Overfill protection. SI-PTC-termistor - pyramid resistance. NTC-thermistor. Electric power. U I R P. Exempel rated power. Ex. hotplate. CDS. photo potentiometer. Triangulating. Serial and parallell circuits.. F_SerialParallel.pdf Series connected and parallell connected resistors. Series connection - equivalent resistance Parallel connection - equivalent resistance Two paral connected resistors. Parallel circuit. current branching. Example. not a parallel circuit - pumps. Series circuit. Voltage division formula. Voltage divider with a load Example - voltage divider for lamps Current branching formula. Linearization of NTC thermistor. Example strain gauge. Wheatstone bridge - branched river. OHM’s law are often enough! Series-, parallel and mixed circuits ... Ex_SerParMixed_en.pdf Closed circuit? Equivalent resistance - series circuit. Ex. 1.2 Equivalent resistance. Ex. 1.6 Equivalent resistance. Ex. 1.1 Equivalent resistance. 3
Ex. 1.8 Equivalent resistance. Ex. 1.10 Potentiometer. Equivalent resistance. (Ex. 1.11 Potentiometer vith load - voltage divider). Ex. 3.1 Series circuit. Ex. 3.4 Series - parallel circuit Ex. 3.3 Series - parallel circuit Ex. 3.5 Series - parallel circuit Batteries Le_batteries_en.pdf The electrochemical cell function. Discharge curve and capacity. Ex. 4.1 capacity calculations. Different discharge cases. Discharge current, Intermittent, temperature. Cell or Battery. Comparisons between battery types. Emf internal resistance and terminal voltage. Discharge, Charge. Series connection of cells. Example - How many cells are needed? Ex. 4.2 Calculate the internal resistance . The risk with series connection - reverse cell voltage. Parallel connection of cells Electric Vehicle Battery Kirchhoffs laws. Node analysis. Le_Kirchhoff_en.pdf Kirchhoffs laws. Kirchhoff currentlaw, Kirchhoff voltage law. Work flow. OHM's law on matrix form. Webb-based tools for solving systems of equations.. Potential What is ground? Nodanalysis. Same exemple. ( Mesh analysis. Samea example ). Which method is most important to know and use? Equation system with Mathematica Wolfram Alpha online Simulation with LTSpice Everyone of you has got an unique web-task to solve! Voltage divider, Kirchhoffs laws, node analysis. Ex_kirchhoff_en.pdf Ex. Unbalanced Wheatstone bridge. Ex. 7.1 Potential. Ex. 5.3 Kirchhoff voltage law. Ex. 5.1 Kirchhoff current law. Ex. 5.2 Kirchhoff current law. Ex. 6.3 Kirchoff laws - ideal voltage source. 4
Ex. 7.3 (6.3) Node analysis. Ex. 4.4 Parallel connected batteries. Two-terminal theorem. Superposition. Le_blackbox_en.pdf Two-terminal theorem, equivalent circuits. Voltage source or current source? Emf/Current generator. Thévenin voltage source model and Norton current source model. Open circuit voltage. Short cut current. Exchange of model. Experimental measurement of parameters. Ex. 8.3 Equivalent circuit. Ex. Equivalent circuit as a trick to simpify calculations. Superposition. Same example as before - now with superposition. Ex. 8.7 Superposition. AD-conversion. Le_ADconversion_en.pdf Digital or Analog Digital - Analog converter, sum binary coded currents. Problems with tolerances. R2R-method. R2R ladder. Constant internal resistance. Superposition of binary coded voltages. R2R simulation. AD-converter, succesive approximations. PIC-processor 14-AD-channels Supply voltage as reference. External reference. Ratiometric connection. 10 bitar left adjusted or right adjusted value. Sample & Hold. t acq Acquisition time AD-converter clock frequency. AD-conversion "step by step" AD-laboration. Le_ADlab_en.pdf Circuit elements in graphical form Two-terminal circuit with emf and resistance Define the current in the opposite direction. (Current source and resistance) Measurements at AD-lab. Circuit and equivalent. Rail splitter virtual ground chip. Measuring a bipolar voltage AD with external reference. Log measurement values to a text file 5
Measured values to Excel (or online scatter plot) Simulate, parametrisc sweep. Tvo-terminal equivalents. Ex_blackbox_en.pdf Tvo-terminal circuit - blackbox The power supply. Constant voltage - constant current (current limit). Ex. 8.1 Voltage and Current generator . Ex. 8.2 Simplify current sources. Ex. 8.4 Equvalents step by step. (Wheatstone bridge equivalent) Equivalent circuits (instead of mesh analysis)!. Ex. 7.2 current generator at node analysis. Ex. 8.9 equivalent circuit. Ex. 8.10 equivalent circuit. Ex. 8.11 equivalent circuit. Capacitor, transients RC. Le_capacitance_en.pdf Plate capacitor. Dielectric. Dielectric. Area, distance. Electrolytic capacitor. Ex. 9.2 Supercap - rough estimate. Capacitor transients. Timeconstant RC. Ex. 9.3 Parallel connected capacitors. Ex. 9.4 Series connected capacitors. Energy in capacitor. Ex. 9.1 Camera Flash. Ex. 10.9 Neon lamp (Blink-circuit with Neon-lamp at exercise). Simulate Neon lamp. Exponential progress. Le_exponential_en.pdf Rule of thumb for one timeconstant and for five. Ex. Quick estimate of the time constant Quick Formula for exponential "All" by "the rest" - KTH-forula. Ex. measurement of the time constant Comparator, Schmitt-trigger, 555-circuit. Le_SchmittTrigger_en.pdf Comparator an 1 bit AD-converter PIC-processor comparators - Many configuration options!. ANSEL, ANSELH, CM1CON0, CM2CON0, CM1CON1, CM1CON1 CM2 at lab. 6
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