A DAM M ICKIEWICZ U NIVERSITY IN P OZNA Ń Faculty of English Identities of English: A dynamic emergent scene. Katarzyna Dziubalska-Ko ł aczyk Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna ń dkasia@wa.amu.edu.pl PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna wa.amu.edu.pl
There is no language like English in today’s world The aim of the talk is to recognize the varied identities of English taking the bird’s eye view on the presence of English in the global communication. It will be assumed that new identities emerge dynamically out of environmental context. PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 2
Outline of the talk 1. Native vs. non-native English 2. Native speaker 3. Lingua franca vs. multilingualism 4. Diversity vs. language death 5. English as the language of knowledge 6. ELFish 7. Complexity theory for English 8. A project proposal PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 3
Native English: sources • Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2017. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com. PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 4
Native English: sources • Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds.), 2005. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online . Munich: Max Planck Digital Library. Available online at http://wals.info. • Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) 2013. The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://wals.info, Accessed on 2017-05-11.) PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 5
Native English? ENGLISH [ENG] lang, United Kingdom; also in American Samoa, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Botswana, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Cook Islands, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, Finland, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Grenada, Guam, Guyana, Honduras, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kiribati, Korea, South, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Malaysia (Peninsular), Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Namibia, Nauru, Netherlands Antilles, New Zealand, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Norway, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Pitcairn, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, St. Helena, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Pierre and Miquelon, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tanzania, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Uganda, UAE, USA, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Wake Island, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 6
Native English? • spoken in 105 countries • the dominant or official language in more than 60 of the world’s 185 nation-states recognized by the United Nations • 341,000,000 native users (1999 World Almanach) 55,000,000 first language speakers in the UK 210,000,000 in the USA 17,100,000 in Canada = 60% population 15,682,000 in Australia, 95% population 3,500,000 in South Africa, 9.1% population 3,213,000 in New Zealand, 90% population 2,600,000 in Ireland • USA >>> Great Britain > Canada > Australia > South Africa > New Zealand > Ireland > other 98 countries PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 7
Native English: dialects • UK COCKNEY, SCOUSE, GEORDIE, WEST COUNTRY, EAST ANGLIA, BIRMINGHAM (BRUMMY, BRUMMIE), SOUTH WALES, EDINBURGH, BELFAST, CORNWALL, CUMBERLAND, CENTRAL CUMBERLAND, DEVONSHIRE, EAST DEVONSHIRE, DORSET, DURHAM, BOLTON LANCASHIRE, NORTH LANCASHIRE, RADCLIFFE LANCASHIRE, NORTHUMBERLAND, NORFOLK, NEWCASTLE NORTHUMBERLAND, TYNESIDE NORTHUMBERLAND, LOWLAND SCOTTISH, SOMERSET, SUSSEX, WESTMORLAND, NORTH WILTSHIRE, CRAVEN YORKSHIRE, NORTH YORKSHIRE, SHEFFIELD YORKSHIRE, WEST YORKSHIRE PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 8
Native English: dialects and accents? http://www.dialectsarchive.com/ • created in 1997, the online archive of primary-source recordings of English-language dialects and accents as heard around the world • “All IDEA’s (International Dialects of English Archive) recordings are in English, are of native speakers, and include both English-language dialects and English spoken in the accents of other languages. (Many include brief demonstrations of the speaker’s native language, too.)” PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 9
Non-native English • 350 mln non-native (vs. 322 mln native) acc. to Nettle & Romaine (2000) • 1.6 billion speakers acc. to David Crystal (vs. 400 mln native, e.g. in Spotlight, Guardian, 2011) English is the only language with more non-native speakers than native speakers PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 10
Na#ve speaker? The growing ubiquity of the English language the world over is turning traditional notions of who is and is not a native speaker on its head. (New America Media)
Native speaker? L1? • only a monolingual speaker has a chance to develop ALL (non-exhaustive) ranges/functions in one language • one can be a prototypical native speaker of ONE language only • “ prototypical native-speaker-ness ” : being a native speaker of one language in a generally monolingual community (cf. Dziubalska-Ko ł aczyk & Weckwerth 2012) PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 12
A prototypical native speaker • native language patterns of phonetic perception are formed in the first year of life (e.g., Werker 2003) • Werker and Tees (1984): – Hindi retroflex vs. dental “ d ” sounds and the Hindi voiceless aspirated vs. breathy voiced – English-learning infants of 6-8 months as well as L1 (Hindi) adults and older infants could discriminate these non-English distinctions, while English adults and English learning infants of 10-12 months failed • as for production , a link develops between perceptual and motor processes by the second half of the first year PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 13
A prototypical native speaker • a native language serves the most primitive, basic, primeval purposes first (and for life; “ sandpit vocabulary ” etc, but also everyday paraphernalia like eating, digestion, hygiene, sex, health etc.), while other functions are built on later, and also in other languages (in multilinguals), which is connected with education in the most holistic sense • the “ language for making love ” (cf. Crystal 1995) PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 14
A non-prototypical native speaker a non-prototypical native speaker – a bi- or multilingual who uses more than one language for everyday communication PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 15
A non-native speaker • a non-native speaker is a learner • a learner may eventually become a non-prototypical native speaker, but never a native speaker (since s/he no longer covers ALL required functions/ranges in one language only, s/he will not be monolingual again) PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 16
Lingua franca Lingua franca is a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different. PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 17
English as a lingua franca : early predictions “…some are of an opinion that one could deal with multilinguality by an introduction of one of the most common “living” languages as a general international language. […] Taking into account group psychology, we must consider such an idea (move) impossible to carry through. Let us not forget about an unremovable international envy as well as national pride.” Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan. 1908. O j ę zyku pomocniczym mi ę dzynarodowym. (On an international auxiliary language.) A lecture delivered in Warsaw on May 5, 1908. Kraków: Drukarnia Literacka pod zarz ą dem L.K. Górskiego. • B. considered pronunciation and structure as well as spelling (lots of homonyms) of the candidate languages (English, German, French) to be too difficult for other nations PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 18
English as a lingua franca : early predictions “English will be the most respectable language in the world and the most universally read and spoken in the next century...American population will in the next age produce a greater number of persons who will speak English than any other language.” (John Adams 1780, Andresen 1990: 35) “will probably be spoken by more people, in the course of two or three centuries, than ever spoke any one language, at one time, since the creation of the world.” (Benjamin Rush, Andresen 1990) “If ...we would have the benefit of seeing our language more generally known among mankind, we should endeavor to remove all the difficulties, however small, that discourage the learning of it” ; he considers French to be number one; thus, he wishes a spelling reform “to facilitate the spread of English in the world marketplace” (Franklin, Andresen 1990: 51) PAN, 18 May 2017, Vienna 19
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