Identifying Pathways for Provision of Bio-Energy in SSA: Policy Issues Charles B.L. Jumbe, PhD (Econ) Centre for Agricultural Research and Development (CARD) Bunda College of Agriculture (University of Malawi) in partnership with WIP-Germany & FANRPAN funded by the EU __________________________________________________________________________________P Presented at the FANRPAN Stakeholders Regional Policy Dialogue & Annual General Meeting Crossroads Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi, from 1 to 5 September 2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________ Outline � Background � The COMPETE Project � The role of FANRPAN � Why do we need policies � Scope of Work on Policies � The approach � Key findings � The future � Way forward for FANRPAN � Take home messages ___________________________________________________________________________________ Presented at the FANRPAN Stakeholders Regional Policy Dialogue & Annual General Meeting Crossroads Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi, from 1 to 5September 2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction � Fossil fuels continue to be the pivot of economic and social development of all countries around the world � However, on-going debate is now centred especially around three main facets � Increasing prices currently reaching US$130 per barrel � Ensuring energy security - reducing dependence on imported liquid fuels from politically fragile states � Increased environmental concerns (GHG emission) and air pollution due to the burning of fossil fuels. � Therefore, biofuels are considered as an alternative to fossil fuels ___________________________________________________________________________________ Presented at the FANRPAN Stakeholders Regional Policy Dialogue & Annual General Meeting Crossroads Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi, from 1 to 5September 2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________ The COMPETE Project � The Competence Platform on Energy Crop &Agroforestry Systems for Arid and Semi-arid Ecosystems – Africa � A 3-year project (2006-2009) funded to the tune of €1.5 mn by the EU under the 6th Framework Programme, Priority A.2.3: Managing Arid and Semi-arid Ecosystems � Objectives � to establish a platform for policy dialogue & capacity building � to identify pathways for the sustainable provision of bioenergy � to enhance the exchange of knowledge on biofuels development � Implementation � Through 7 WPs involving 41 institutions incl. FANRPAN ___________________________________________________________________________________ Presented at the FANRPAN Stakeholders Regional Policy Dialogue & Annual General Meeting Crossroads Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi, from 1 to 5September 2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________
The role of FANRPAN � To produce outputs for the WP 6-Policy Development whose objectives are: � To develop & evaluate policy initiatives for bioenergy development in Africa � To develop a roadmap for policy research � To provide policy recommendations on how to harness the potential of biofuels without damaging livelihoods and the ecosystem � To share information from the policy work through seminars and workshops ___________________________________________________________________________________ Presented at the FANRPAN Stakeholders Regional Policy Dialogue & Annual General Meeting Crossroads Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi, from 1 to 5September 2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________ Why do we need policies? � Global production of biofuels doubled over the 5 five years and is likely to double again in the next four years. � FAO (2007) predicts that demand for biofuels to grow by 170% in the next three years and to contribute 25% of the world energy needs in the next 15 to 20 years. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Presented at the FANRPAN Stakeholders Regional Policy Dialogue & Annual General Meeting Crossroads Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi, from 1 to 5September 2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________
Sources of Growth � Brazil has set targets that all diesel contain 2% biodiesel by 2008 & 5% by 2013 � The EU target of 5.75% biofuels share in all transport fuel by 2010 means 18.6 mn. tons of oil equivalent of biofuels � Japan will need 6 bn. litres of ethanol every year to meet the blend ratio of only 3% biofuels. � China will need 22.7 mn. metric tonnes of biofuels to blend 10% biofuel into all Chinese cars by 2020. � Indonesia to increase its palm oil production from 64,000 sq km to 260,000 sq km by 2025. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Presented at the FANRPAN Stakeholders Regional Policy Dialogue & Annual General Meeting Crossroads Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi, from 1 to 5September 2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________ Sources of Growth ► The United States will use 28.4 billion litres of biofuels for transportation by 2012. ► Across the US, 20% of the whole maize crop went to ethanol in 2006 to meet only 2% of automobile fuel use . ► An extra 80 mn. acres (36 mn ha) of land will be required if maize ethanol alone will be used to meet the US target. � Eliminating gasoline use entirely in USA will require doubling the current 450 mn. acres (200 mn ha) of available for crop production- making it infeasible! ___________________________________________________________________________________ Presented at the FANRPAN Stakeholders Regional Policy Dialogue & Annual General Meeting Crossroads Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi, from 1 to 5September 2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________
The BIG Question � How will these targets achieved? � Eyes are on AFRICA � Investors are coming to Africa to acquire land & put up plants and machinery for commercial biofuels production � About 4m sq km of land will be grown to energy crops in Southern Africa region (e.g., Jatropha) over the next 5 years ___________________________________________________________________________________ Presented at the FANRPAN Stakeholders Regional Policy Dialogue & Annual General Meeting Crossroads Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi, from 1 to 5September 2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________ Scope of Work on WP 6 � To explore the extent to which the national development energy policies incorporate strategies for mainstreaming or supporting the development of the biofuel sector. � Key questions: 1. What do the national policies state with regard to bioenergy or biomass energy development? 2. What are the notable gaps in the policies across countries with regard to bioenergy and energy crops development? ___________________________________________________________________________________ Presented at the FANRPAN Stakeholders Regional Policy Dialogue & Annual General Meeting Crossroads Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi, from 1 to 5September 2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________
Approach � PRSPs/national development frameworks � National energy policies � Specific biofuels strategies � National Trade Policies � Regional Development Frameworks (SADC, ECOWAS, COMESA) � International biofuels/trade policies (e.g., WTO, USA, EU & Asia) ___________________________________________________________________________________ Presented at the FANRPAN Stakeholders Regional Policy Dialogue & Annual General Meeting Crossroads Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi, from 1 to 5September 2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________ Summary of key findings National Development/Energy Policies � Only the PRSP for Ghana contains specific strategies for biogas development, with a target of substituting 20% of national gas and oil consumption with biodiesel and 30% of paraffin to be replaced with Jatropha oil by 2015. � Mozambique has adopted a policy for large-scale production of biofuels, including the gradual introduction of blending of fossil fuels with biofuels initially at 5 – 10%. � South Africa has a specific biofuels strategy aims at achieving market penetration of 4.5% in biofuels by 2013. � Despite that Malawi has more than 20 years experience in bioethanol production -it has no specific biofuel strategy ___________________________________________________________________________________ Presented at the FANRPAN Stakeholders Regional Policy Dialogue & Annual General Meeting Crossroads Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi, from 1 to 5September 2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________
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