M OHAMMED DIES - 632 Who should be successor? Abu Bakr- (advisor and father-in-law) ( Sunni ) first caliph- hereditary and chosen! Caliph Ali- (family) ( Shia ) Fourth caliph Husayn ibn Ali (Ali’s son) Shia’s choice (grandson of Mohammed) Massacred with others (martyr)
I SLAM ; THE SPLIT ; 2 BRANCHES Shi’ite Sunni Shi’a (Shiites) Sunnis the largest believed that branch of Islam caliphs should be believes in the related to Sunna- “the way” Muhammad (Muslim tradition) (hereditary) accepts the first four considers Ali, the caliphs as rightful cousin of Muhammad, successors to and his descendants Muhammad (elected) as Muhammad's true successors
I SLAM - 2 BRANCHES Shi’ite 15% Sunni 85%
S UFISM Sufi: Muslim mystics (small sect) Islamic mysticism that began to develop in the 7th century By the 9th century AD the Sufis claimed to have methods of finding mystic knowledge of God, or Allah The Sufi mystic, described as a pilgrim on a journey, follows a path of seven stages: repentance, abstinence, renunciation, poverty, patience, trust in God, and acquiescence to the will of God Then, with the grace of God, a higher level of consciousness is attained, in which knowledge, the knower, and the known are realized as one
In the Middle Ages the great W HIRLING D ERVISHES Sufi orders, which had several million adherents, were established about 100 orders still exist, many of them in Turkey and Iran One of the most influential founders of orders was the Persian poet Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi
I SLAMIC C IVILIZATION
Karbalā’ center of pilgrimage S HI ’ ITE OR S HIA I SLAM for Shia Muslims In the center of the city is the shrine of Husayn ibn Ali
T HE MARTYRDOM OF Shiite martyr H USSEIN IBN ALI (What’s a martyr?) Slain with his family and followers in the battle of Karbala in the year 680 The story of Hussein’s martyrdom is told in parts during the first days of Muharram Shias gather- dressed in black
Ten days- hundreds of thousands of Muslims converge on Karbala and Najaf in Iraq (shrines of Hussein and his father) Others take to the streets- beating their chests and chanting the tragedy M UHARRAM
T HE MARTYRDOM OF H USSEIN 680 CE
“Oh.. Hussein. May God curse the people who killed the son of their Messenger’s daughter in such a mean way”.
K ARBALĀ ’
S HIA I SLAM
S HIA I SLAM
S UNNI I SLAM comprising up to 90% of the total Muslim population of the world "people of the tradition [of Muhammad] and the community” The word "Sunni" comes from the term Sunnah , which refers to the words and actions or example of the Islamic prophet Muhammad Sunni Islam may be referred to as Orthodox Islam
S UNNI M USLIM
C ONFLICT • Today the two branches are still an issue to be reckoned with… • Example: • Iraq is Sunni • Iran is Shi’ite
D YNASTIES : Umayadds Abbasids Fatimids Despite the fact that there were different empires, they were still unified through their religion (Islam), their language (Arabic), trade, and the economy Different empires Unified through Islam
U MAYYADS ESTABLISH D YNASTY The last “Rightly Guided caliph” was murdered Civil war broke out among the Muslims The Umayyads took over They established hereditary rule (dynasty) instead of having elected rulers like the previous caliphs
U MAYYAD DYNASTY Moved the capital from Mecca to Damascus
* Mecca
U MAYYADS FALL TO A BBASIDS The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads in 750 and took control of the Muslim Empire.
S PAIN UNDER THE M USLIMS The Berbers took control of Spain and spread Islam into Europe for the first time The Muslim conquest of Europe was stopped at the Battle of Tours in France
D AMASCUS TO B AGHDAD The Abbasids moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad solidified their power and control of the Persian Empire which they conquered in order to govern their growing empire they created a strong bureaucracy in order to support the bureaucracy they collected taxes
B AGHDAD , I RAQ
Giant Friday Mosque A BBASID D YNASTY landmark in Iraq Located on the Tigris River in Sāmarrā’ Capital and religious center for the Abbassid rulers In the late 9th century the Abbasid rulers moved to Baghdād , and Sāmarrā’ fell into decline The Great Friday Mosque and the Spiral Minaret, built in the 9th century, continue to draw visitors and are an important religious center for Shia Muslims
M USLIM E MPIRES S PREAD The Fatimid Dynasty established power in Egypt, western Arabia, and Syria Despite the fact that there were different empires, they were still unified through their religion (Islam), their language (Arabic), trade, and the economy
M USLIM C ITIES Four important Muslim cities: Baghdad Damascus Cairo Cordoba The city of Baghdad was a magnificent city built within the protection of three circular walls. In the center of the city was the caliph’s palace which was made of stone and marble and the great mosque which was used for worship
C ORDOBA , S PAIN The Moorish history of the city of Córdoba in Spain dates from the 8th century, when the city became a Muslim caliphate
C OURT OF THE L IONS , A LHAMBRIA , S PAIN
I SLAM S OCIAL C LASSES Upper Class Born Muslim Second Class Converts to Muslim Lower Class Non-Muslim Protected Peoples (Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians) Slaves
M USLIM W OMEN were allowed to participate in public life and gain an education had more rights than the women in Europe at the same time were expected to be obedient to men but they still had certain rights concerning marriage, family, and property were responsible for raising the family
M USLIM S CHOLARSHIP Muslims supported science and learning for practical purposes Physicians Directions (Mecca/prayer) The encouraged scholarship by encouraging scholars to collect and translate philosophical and scientific texts into Arabic “House of Wisdom or House of Knowledge”
M EDICAL A DVANCEMENTS Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi Muhammad ibn Zakariva ar- Razi (Rhazes) isolated many chemical substances, produced many medications, and described many apparatus.
M EDICAL A DVANCEMENT Al-Razi wrote the Comprehensive Book and Treatise on Smallpox and Measles "Rhazes was the greatest physician of Islam and the Medieval Ages .“ – George Sarto n
M USLIM M ATH AND S CIENCE A CHIEVEMENTS Muslims used scientific observation and experimentation in order to find solutions to problems Math such as Algebra (al-jabr) Optics (they were able to create telescopes and microscopes) They charted stars, comets, and planets
S CIENCE ; I SLAM Arabic numerals and concept of zero (adapted from India) Al Jabr, known today as Algebra (Al Jabr) Medicine Blended Eastern (Asian) and Western (European) knowledge Established hospitals and medical schools Expansion of geographic knowledge Improved ships Perfected the astrolabe Made wide use of the compass (from China) Made the Age of Exploration and Discovery possible
A STROLABE - PROBABLY USED FIRST BY THE G REEKS
The astrolabe is P ERSIAN A STROLABE an ancient instrument that measures the positions of heavenly bodies It was probably first used by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus in the 1st century BCE It was also popularly used by navigators until the sextant was invented in the 18th century
U NIVERSITIES ; I SLAM Located in Cordoba, Spain and Baghdad (House of Knowledge); much later in Timbuktu and Mali (linked by trade networks) Preserved Greek and Roman learning while blending and improving on Persian and Indian discoveries
A L -A ZHAR U NIVERSITY , C AIRO
M USLIM L ITERATURE AND P OETRY Ideals: Bravery Love Generosity Hospitality A very famous and popular piece of Muslim literature is The Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights)
T HOUSAND AND O NE N IGHTS (A RABIAN N IGHTS ) Magic carpets appear in Persian mythology, most famously in the Arabian Nights
A RABIAN N IGHTS collection of Middle Eastern folktales and legends passed down for hundreds of years several of the tales, including those of Ali Baba, Aladdin, and Sindbad the Sailor, have become classics of children’s literature
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