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Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations Gunnar Brinkmann, Craig Larson, Jasper Souffriau, Nico Van Cleemput Combinatorial Algorithms and Algorithmic Graph Theory Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science Ghent University G.

  1. Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations Gunnar Brinkmann, Craig Larson, Jasper Souffriau, Nico Van Cleemput Combinatorial Algorithms and Algorithmic Graph Theory Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science Ghent University G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  2. Triangulation A triangulation is a plane graph in which each face is a triangle. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  3. Hamiltonian cycle A hamiltonian cycle in G ( V , E ) is a subgraph of G ( V , E ) which is isomorphic to C | V | . A graph is hamiltonian if it contains a hamiltonian cycle. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  4. Separating triangles A separating triangle S in a triangulation T is a subgraph of T such that S is isomorphic to C 3 and T − S has two components. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  5. 4-connected triangulations A triangulation is 4-connected if and only if it contains no separating triangles. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  6. Whitney Theorem (Whitney, 1931) Each triangulation without separating triangles is hamiltonian. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  7. Splitting triangulations G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  8. Recursively splitting triangulations 4-connected parts G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  9. Decomposition tree Vertices: 4-connected parts Edges: separating triangles G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  10. Jackson and Yu Theorem (Jackson and Yu, 2002) A triangulation with a decomposition tree with maximum degree 3 is hamiltonian. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  11. Jackson and Yu There exists a non-hamiltonian triangulation with a decomposition tree with maximum degree 4. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  12. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  13. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  14. Question Can the result of Jackson and Yu be improved? Which trees can arise as decomposition trees of non-hamiltonian triangulations? G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  15. Jackson and Yu Theorem (Jackson and Yu, 2002) Let G be a 4-connected triangulation. Let T , T 1 , T 2 be distinct triangles in G. Let V ( T ) = { u , v , w } . Then there exists a hamiltonian cycle C of G and edges e 1 ∈ E ( T 1 ) and e 2 ∈ E ( T 2 ) such that uv, uw, e 1 and e 2 are distinct and contained in E ( C ) . G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  16. Subdividing a face with a graph G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  17. Subdividing a face with a graph G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  18. Subdividing a non-hamiltonian triangulation Lemma When a non-hamiltonian triangulation is subdivided, then the resulting graph is also non-hamiltonian. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  19. Creating a non-hamiltonian plane graph Lemma When in a plane graph with more faces than vertices each face is subdivided, then the resulting plane graph is non-hamiltonian. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  20. Decomposition trees with ∆ ≥ 6 Theorem For each tree D with ∆( D ) ≥ 6 , there exists a non-hamiltonian triangulation T, such that D is the decomposition tree of T. Constructive proof. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  21. Assume ∆( D ) = 6. D 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 D 5 D 6 Choose triangulation T i with decomposition tree D i (1 ≤ i ≤ 6) G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  22. T 4 T 5 T 6 T 1 T 3 T 2 A non-hamiltonian triangulation with D as decomposition tree. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  23. ∆( D ) > 6 · · · G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  24. Remaining cases Given a tree D : If ∆( D ) ≤ 3, then D is not the decomposition tree of a non-hamiltonian triangulation. If ∆( D ) ≥ 6, then D is the decomposition tree of a non-hamiltonian triangulation. What if ∆( D ) = 4 or ∆( D ) = 5? G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  25. Multiple degrees > 3 Theorem For each tree D with at least two vertices with degree > 3 , there exists a non-hamiltonian triangulation T, such that D is the decomposition tree of T. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  26. Adjacent vertices with degree > 3 8 faces and 7 vertices G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  27. Non-adjacent vertices with degree > 3 G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  28. Remaining cases: trees with one vertex of degree 4 or 5 and all other degrees at most 3. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  29. Simplifying things Theorem For each k ≥ 4 . Let D be a tree with one vertex of degree k and all other vertices of degree ≤ 3 . There exists a non-hamiltonian triangulation with D as decomposition tree if and only if there exists a non-hamiltonian triangulation with K 1 , k as decomposition tree. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  30. Simplifying things (more) Theorem For each k ≥ 4 . If there exists a non-hamiltonian triangulation with K 1 , k as decomposition tree, then there exists a non-hamiltonian triangulation with K 1 , k as decomposition tree such that the leaves correspond to K 4 ’s. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  31. Specialized search Specialised programs to search for non-hamiltonian triangulations with K 1 , 4 or K 1 , 5 as decomposition tree. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  32. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  33. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  34. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  35. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  36. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  37. Extending hamiltonian cycles Given a graph G and the graph G ′ which is constructed from G by subdividing 4 or 5 faces with a K 4 . When can a hamiltonian cycle of G be extended to a hamiltonian cycle of G ′ ? G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  38. Hamiltonian cycles and matchings edge is contained in triangle triangles of G edges of G G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  39. Hamiltonian cycles and matchings edge is contained in triangle triangles of G edges of G G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  40. Hamiltonian cycles and matchings edge is contained in triangle triangles of G edges of G G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  41. Limiting the 4-tuples Theorem Let G be a 4-connected triangulation. Let T 1 , T 2 , T 3 and T 4 be triangles in G such that at least two of them share an edge. The graph obtained by subdividing the four triangles with a K 4 is hamiltonian. ⇒ only check edge-disjoint 4-tuples of faces G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  42. Results All triangulations on at most 27 vertices with K 1 , 4 or K 1 , 5 as decomposition tree are hamiltonian. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  43. Results 4-connected V F triangulations 6 8 1 7 10 1 8 12 2 9 14 4 10 16 10 11 18 25 12 20 87 13 22 313 14 24 1357 15 26 30 926 16 28 158 428 17 30 836 749 18 32 4 504 607 19 34 24 649 284 20 36 136 610 879 21 38 765 598 927 22 40 4 332 047 595 23 42 24 724 362 117 G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

  44. Thanks for your attention. G. Brinkmann, C. Larson, J. Souffriau, N. Van Cleemput Hamiltonian Cycles in Triangulations

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