GRID PHD GRID, PHD The Smart Grid Cyber Security and the Future of Keeping the Lights On The Smart Grid, Cyber Security, and the Future of Keeping the Lights On Kelly Ziegler Chi f O Chief Operating Officer ti Offi National Board of Information Security Examiners
THE LEGAL STUFF THE LEGAL STUFF The views I will present today are my own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Board of Information Security Examiners (NBISE), its Board, Management, or Examiners (NBISE), its Board, Management, or Members.
OVERVIEW OVERVIEW The Grid: Common Background, Not Commonly Th G id C B kg d N t C l Understood The Growth of the Smart Grid: Distribution, Transmission, the Chinese Wall, and Why it y Matters Cyber Insecurity: The Smart Grid’s Mid-Life Cyber Insecurity: The Smart Grid s Mid Life Crisis? The Road Ahead: FERC NERC NIST and the The Road Ahead: FERC, NERC, NIST, and the Acronym Jungle
THE GRID: COMMON BACKGROUND
THE GRID: PARTS & PIECES THE GRID: PARTS & PIECES Generation Transmission Distribution 5,000 plants 160,000 miles Over 1,000,000 miles 5% of average customer 5% of average customer 30% of average customer 30% of average customer 65% of monthly bill 65% f thl bill monthly bill monthly bill Employs approx. 120,000 Employs approx. 15,000 Employs approx. 400,000 people nationwide people nationwide people nationwide people nationwide people nationwide people nationwide
THE LARGEST MACHINE IN THE WORLD THE LARGEST MACHINE IN THE WORLD East Eastern ern I I Int nter erconn connect ection i i on We Western Int Inter erconn connecti ction ER ERCO ER ERCO COT COT
THE LARGEST MACHINE IN THE WORLD THE LARGEST MACHINE IN THE WORLD Three Interconnections in United States Eastern Interconnection Eastern Interconnection, Western Interconnection, Texas (ERCOT) Changes happen faster than humans can react (measured in milliseconds) (measured in milliseconds) Impacts from the 2008 February blackout in Florida were felt in blackout in Florida were felt in Saskatchewan within 1 second.
THE LAY OF THE LAND THE LAY OF THE LAND Reliability Coordinators Reliability Coordinators Responsible for the Wide Area view of the electric grid and the operating tools, processes and procedures. Has authority to prevent or mitigate emergency operating situations in both next day analysis and real-time operations. 14 in Eastern Interconnection 2 in Western Interconnection 1 in Texas 1 in Texas Balancing Authorities Integrates resource plans ahead of time, maintains load-interchange-generation balance within a balancing area, and supports interconnection frequency in real time. 97 in Eastern Interconnection 34 in Western Interconnection 1 in Texas Distribution System Operators Manages distribution systems at the local level.
THE BALANCE: SUPPLY & DEMAND THE BALANCE: SUPPLY & DEMAND Typi pical Daily Demand Cur cal Daily Demand Curve Operating Reserves Peak Load Capacity: Instantaneous measure of electricity I f l i i Intermediate Load available at peak Base Load Syst System is designed Syst System is designed is designed t is designed t to to remain reliable remain relia remain reliable remain relia le during le during during during times of times of times times times of times times of times of peak of peak of peak of peak peak peak peak peak dema demand. dema demand. nd. nd. Energy: Electricity Produced over Time
THE GROWTH OF THE SMART GRID
MEET THE CHINESE WALL MEET THE CHINESE WALL reliability li bili reliability li bilit Con Conventi entional & onal & Hydr Hydro o Demand Demand Generation Generation Distribu Distributio tion Bulk Bulk P Power Syst er System em Over the past 60 years, we’ve divided the “grid” into two separate systems. Reliability requirements are different for each system.
MEET THE CHINESE WALL MEET THE CHINESE WALL reliability li bili reliability li bilit Con Conventi entional & onal & Hydr Hydro o Demand Demand Generation Generation Local Driv Local Driver Local Driv Local Driver ers ers Re Regional D Re Regional D Drivers Drivers Po Policy Po Policy Security Security Security Security Economi Economic Economic Economi Distribu Distributio tion Bulk Bulk P Power Syst er System em Policy and other drivers of development developed along the same line – factors that affected one system did not necessarily affect the other.
A CHANGING WORLD A CHANGING WORLD Ener Energy Use b Energy Use b Ener Use by Use by Home energy use: appliances, Home energy use: appliances Sector 1 Sect or 1956 956 27% air conditioning, entertainment Total Use: Peak residential demand in 540 million MWH 52% Florida doubled in 5 years in Florida doubled in 5 years in 21% the 1970’s Residential electricity use surpassed Industrial use in 1994 1994 Sporadic Industrial growth Ener Energy Use b Use by 27% Sect Sector 200 or 2007 Industrial use grew 16% in 37% Total Use: 1949 1949 3.8 billion MWH Use declined in 10 of the 50 36% Industrial years between 1957 and 2007 Commercial R Residential id ti l
ENTER: THE SMART GRID AS A YOUTH ENTER: THE SMART GRID AS A YOUTH reliability li bili reliability li bilit Demand R Deman Respo sponse se Con Conventi entional & onal & Hydr Hydro o Demand Demand Generation Generation Energ Energy Ef Efficien ficiency cy Nu Nuclea ear Distributio Distribu tion Bulk Bulk P Power Syst er System em As new resources were added in the 1970’s and 80’s, bulk system reliability became more dependent on distribution-level assets like demand response and energy efficiency. This began to blur the line between the bulk power system and the distribution system.
SMART GRID: THE FORMATIVE YEARS SMART GRID: THE FORMATIVE YEARS As communications and computing technology advances, a transformation begins to build within the utility sector Automatic Meter Reading Automatic Meter Reading Distribution Automation Distributed Generation Di ib d G i Demand Response SCADA, Control Systems, & Sensing
AUTOMATIC METER READING AUTOMATIC METER READING Deployed earliest on major industrial and Deployed earliest on major industrial and commercial locations More detailed hourly and time of use billing More detailed, hourly, and time-of-use billing Fewer meter readers Various configurations Vario s config rations “Drive-by” meter reading Power Line Carrier Power Line Carrier “Mesh” networks Cellular Cellular Broadband over Power Line
DISTRIBUTION & TRANSMISSION SYSTEM AUTOMATION Allows operators greater control and management of the distribution system Easier maintenance & storm restoration Greater safety G t f t “Self-healing” “micro-grids” g g
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION DISTRIBUTED GENERATION Small generating units serving load locally Backup generators Backup generators Avoids line losses Requires remote control and operation
DEMAND RESPONSE: A PRIMER DEMAND RESPONSE: A PRIMER Typi pical Daily Demand Cur cal Daily Demand Curve Operating Reserves Peak Load Peak Load Intermediate Load Base Load Demand R Demand Respons Demand R Demand Respons sponse is sponse is is is designed t designed to “sh designed t designed to “sh “shave” “shave” peak d pea pea peak d k d k d k deman k d k d k deman emand emand d an d d an d and and d d d d d d manage the overall manage the o manage the overall manage the o erall erall loa load pr loa load pr profile. profile. ofile. ofile.
DEMAND RESPONSE: A PRIMER DEMAND RESPONSE: A PRIMER Communicating devices that control major appliances (e.g. home air conditioning systems) and major industrial systems Provide participating customers a reduced rate Provide participating customers a reduced rate or discount for allowing the utility to curtail usage during peak times d i k ti Critical Peak Pricing and Time of Use rates g provide alternate options
SCADA CONTROL SYSTEMS & SENSING SCADA, CONTROL SYSTEMS, & SENSING Sophistication of computer based control systems increases exponentially Enables operating efficiencies: allows system operators to do more operators to do more with less Critical to market development and p maturation
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