Desakota: A Politically Calculated Spatial Configuration of Urbanization Ziwei Zhang, MDes ULE Kuangyu Xiong, MDes ULE 05/09/2019
Global Depeasantization graph from: https://ourworldindata.org/employment-in-agriculture
Global Depeasantization spatial transformation peasant class transformation deruralization differentiation ● ● ● overurbanization ● dissolution
Agriculture Sir Arthur Lewis: Economic Development with Unlimited Supply of Labor missing from the two-sector surplus labor model: relative surplus population (RSP)/industrial reserve army ● floating RSP ● latent RSP ● stagnant RSP ● pauperdom Industry
Agriculture Rural Where might RSP reside? How does state relocate RSP? squatter settlements, favelas, slums, and desakotas Industry Urban
Research Question How do different strategies of agrarian labor absorption result in different spatial configurations and processes of class transformation? Key Concepts ● depeasantization ● agricultural surplus labor ● industrialization ● peasant class transformation ● urbanization ● social reproduction
the Linkage Between Depeasantization and the Emergence of Desakota intense mixture of agricultural and ● nonagricultural activities often stretched along corridors ● between large city cores. previously characterized by dense ● populations engaged in agriculture governance “grey zone” ● dual identities of peasants ●
Urban-Agrarian Interface Jakarta, Indonesia Seoul, South Korea Shanghai, China
Creation and Absorption of Agricultural Surplus Labor
Creation and Absorption of Agricultural Surplus Labor depeasantization ● ● agricultural surplus labor industrialization ● ● peasant class transformation urbanization ● ● social reproduction South Korea Indonesia China land reform Floating Mass Household Responsibility ● ● ● ● food aid ● Free trade zone System from ISI to combination of transmigration program Township and Village ● ● ● ISI and EOI ● semi-proletarianization Enterprises disparity between rural latent RSP hukou ● ● ● and urban ● semi-proletarianization rural-to-urban migration latent RSP ● ● (urbanization) proletarianization ● ● floating RSP
Chinese Desakota Mutation economic growth, uneven development ○ household responsibility system: release agri-labor; start of the industrial sector (opening reform 一 1984) ○ rise of TVEs “enter the industrial sector without entering the city; leave farmland without leaving homeland “ 进 厂不 进 城，离土不离 乡 ” ； absorb agriculrural surplus labor in place (1984 一 1988) ； ○ enter the industrial sector by entering the city; leave farmland while leaving homeland “ 进 厂又 进 城，离 土又离 乡 ” long-distance migration(1989 to now)
Chinese Desakota Mutation
Chinese Desakota Mutation
Migration image on the right: Shi, Q., & Liu, T. (2019). Glimpsing China’s future urbanization from the geography of a floating population. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 51(4), 817–819. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19834572
Change of Food Regime ● Loss of farmland Growing agricultural import ● ● Overseas agricultural investment China’s Agricultural Imports and Exports China’s Direct Overseas Investment in Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing images from left to right,https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/china-and-hong-kong-challenges-and-opportunities/https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2018/april/china's-agricultural-investment-abroad-is-rising
Marginalized RSP ● Structural discrimination Lack of legal protection ● ● Lack of political alliance Lack of social welfare ● landless peasant movement workers asking for payment precarious working environment undesirable living condition images from left to right, up to down :1:https://www.cbc.ca/radio/the current/the-cur-rent-for-january-20-2016-1.3411477/china-s-government-land-grabs-fuel-unrest-with-farmers-villagers-1.3411595; 2. https://www.sohu.com/a/215386087_664569;3:http://slide.news.sina.com.cn/s/slide_1_2841_100172.html 4: http://www.221319.com/news/shehui/2018/0611/3451.html
Desakota: A Politically Calculated Spatial Configuration of Urbanization accomodate RSP ● ● discipline labor further squeeze surplus agricultural labor productivity ● ● seem chaotic, but it is a deliberate political project boost economic growth for urban capital accumulation ● ● benefit the state and enterprises, not peasants
See Desakotas in the Mirror of Favelas Shanghai, China Sao Paulo, Brazil Similar issues of depeasantization and surplus labor absorption Different peri-urban spatial pattern
See Desakotas in the Mirror of Favelas Potential Explanation: the Timing of Land Reform in Latin America Potential Explanation: Precondion on Urban Fringe urban and agricultural land near Rio urban and agricultural land in de Janeiro and Sao Paulo Yangtze River Dealta
Value and Future Implications of the Research ● Connect Desakota with the depeasantization ● The success of Desakota should not be evaluated only by economic output ● Future research and policy should take into account the vulnerability of RSP during the urban/agrarian transformation
Thank you! Desakota: A Politically Calculated Spatial Configuration of Urbanization Ziwei Zhang, MDes ULE Kuangyu Xiong, MDes ULE 05/09/2019
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