Email: J.H.Liu@massey.ac.nz Global Consciousness: Moral, ethical, & empirical responses to Globalization James H. Liu & Robert Jiqi Zhang Massey University
Grow roots where you land ���� Falling leaves return to their roots ����
Lifelong Learning as an Ultimate in the Here and Now "The Master said, “At fifteen I set my heart on learning, at thirty I took my stand; at forty I came to be free from doubts; at fifty I understood the Decree of Heaven; at sixty my ear was attuned; at seventy I followed my heart's desire without transgressions." (II.4)
Global Cosmopolitanism • “Contemporary cosmopolitans… believe that every person has global stature as the ultimate unit of moral concern and is therefore entitled to equal respect and consideration no matter what her citizenship status or other affiliations happen to be” • identity component (“being a citizen of the world”) and a harder to define responsibility component (protecting basic human rights)
Cosmopolitanism’s Discontents • Critiqued as the “ class consciousness of frequent travelers”, whose global community lacks solidarity • Example Problem: Citizens of Muslim countries tend to favor the expansion of political rights and freedoms while retaining a preference for practices as veiling • Is Veiling a sign of patriarchal oppression or a marker of relational solidarity for women capable of resisting Western individualism, immorality, and materialism?
Does Liberty and Equality necessarily lead to Fraternity?
The Emergence of Global Culture is a Historical Trajectory (building on what went before) Global Culture & Global Consciousness is the product of interaction between • deeply-rooted systems of cultural logic whose ethical premises are prescriptive and sometimes very ancient • a newly emergent technologically driven global economy whose reach is global.
Summary
Culture � � Collectivism & High Power Distance Individualism & Low Power Distance ���������� ���������� Relational Hierarchy (Confucianism) Autonomy ��������� ��� Western Separation of Powers Model East Asian Confucian Model 11 Democracies China, (Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan)
Political Power Structure � � Separation of Powers Centralized Government Liberal Democracy ���� ��� Central Government Implementing Bodies Democratic Model China Model Japan, Korea, Taiwan & other democracies
Globalization in “Godzone”
New Zealand: Only symbolically bicultural
Themes for Global Celebration in 25 Countries Theme N Don’t want % Prefer not % Would like % Definitely want % 2394 2.0 6.1 39.8 52.1 1. Our family, friends, and community 2393 2.8 10.6 49.6 36.9 2. The workers who produce what we need from the earth and in factories, here and around the world 2386 3.8 11.5 45.4 39.3 3. Our ancestors who developed the seeds, medicines, and technologies we use today 2400 4.0 11.8 36.4 47.8 4. The Goodness of our sun, plants, animals and earth 2400 3.5 7.5 33.8 55.1 5. Our struggle to overcome the injustice of oppression, inhumanity and disaster 2393 3.9 11.2 38.3 46.7 6. The strength we gain when our love of people of other lands or faiths is greater than our fear 2392 1.7 5.8 33.6 59.1 7. The courage to build justice for the children who will inherit this world 2387 4.5 8.9 33.3 53.3 8. Some basic Goodness in the universe that wants justice for all Who are we and what do we want?
Layered & Multiple Identities A Problem of Solidarity Who are “We”?
Dialogical Self (Hermans) The Self as Multi-voiced & Capable of managing Contradictions 1) A representation of the perspectives of the other within the self, 2) a combination of plurality and unity regarding those perspectives, 3) an awareness that perspectives are responsive to dominance and social power, 4) an awareness of the spatial and embodied nature of those perspectives
“Multicultural Mind” (Hong)- Situated Self • Different aspects of Social Identity are activated (primed) in different situations • Behavior is instinctively adapted to appropriate group norms • When in Chinese company, behave like a Chinese person; when in working class company, behave like a working class person • Knowledge, identity, & capability are linked
Global Consciousness: a knowledge of both the interconnectedness and difference of humankind, and a will to take moral actions in a reflexive & situated manner on its behalf
Negative & Positive forms of the Golden Rule: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you” - Jesus “ ��������� ” (What you don’t want for yourself, don’t do to others) - Confucius Universal Manifestation of Human Heartedness - love, compassion, benevolence
Definition of Global Consciousness • Liu & Macdonald’s model of global consciousness involves dynamism between three necessary but loosely related components: a knowledge/ awareness component that can be described scientifically, a morality/ethics component that is best approached philosophically, and an action/identification component that situates the first two dynamically in everyday life. • We don’t expect people to integrate these three all of or even most of the time- it’s aspirational
Turkey: Ancient Culture, Young State • A parent whose child is in immediate danger is not going to be in a state of Global Consciousness; but afterwards, he or she might be motivated to protect the welfare of refugee children
Global Consciousness: a knowledge of both the interconnectedness and difference of humankind, and a will to take moral actions in a reflexive & situated manner on its behalf
Angela Leung’s 3 Factors in a Cosmopolitan Orientation towards Doing & Being Factor 1: Global Prosociality- other oriented component of Helping 1. I would serve the world community by helping human beings 2. I want to help the unfortunate ones even if they are from other countries 3. I want to play my part to help make the world a better place for all 4. I get upset when people do not want to offer help when those in need are foreigners 5. When people from other countries are in need, I will help them to the best of my abilities
Factor 2 in Cosmopolitan Orientation Scale (COS) Cultural Openness – self oriented component of Growing 6. I am open to living in a different culture 7. I want to travel to experience many different cultures 8. I am willing to study or work abroad in another culture 9. It is exciting to immerse in a foreign culture 10. I enjoy learning more about different cultures in the world
Factor 3 in Cosmopolitan Orientation Scale (COS) Respect for Cultural Diversity – diversity oriented component of Respecting 11. It is important to preserve the authenticity of native cultures 12. I respect cultural differences 13. I embrace cultural diversity 14. We should celebrate cultural differences 15. I am against having one dominating culture
Demographic Correlates across 19 countries 1 2 3 4 1. Global Prosociality (COS1) (.919) 2. Cultural Openness (COS2) .550** (.896) 3. Respect for Cultural Diversity (C3) .531** .625** (.864) 4. Education .084** .146** .085** 5. Social Status .116** .167** .071** .203** 6. Conservatism -.144** -.136** -.136** -.045** M 4.38 4.55 5.16 SD 1.29 1.38 1.09
Impact of Education Cosmopolitan Orientation (NZ) 6 5 Global P rosocialit y 4 Cu ltur al Openn ess Respe c t for Cu l t ur al Diversity 3 a d e d a e m a r r r o g g g l e p t r s d e i o d D o P n / N e U t a c i f i t r e C
Personality Correlates across 19 countries 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. Global Prosociality (COS1) (.919) 2. Cultural Openness (COS2) .550** (.896) 3. Respect for Cultural Diversity .531** .625** (.864) (COS3) 4. Extraversion .173** .210** .161** (.810) 5. Agreeableness .321** .175** .272** .361** (.730) 6. Conscientiousness .114** .100** .154** .304** .371** (.712) 7. Emotional Stability .074** .064** .096** .348** .227** .310** (.728) 8. Openness .186** .256** .247** .428** .491** .368** .322** (.691) 9. Honesty Humility -0.018 -.193** -.031** -.125** .117** -.097** .138** 0.005 (.573) M 4.38 4.55 5.16 4.23 5.12 4.76 4.33 4.98 4.38 SD 1.29 1.38 1.09 1.23 0.96 0.93 1.04 0.95 0.96
Attitudinal Outcomes – COS1 central to human-heartedness 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Global Prosociality (COS1) (.919) 2. Cultural Openness (COS2) .550** (.896) 3. Respect for Cultural Diversity .531** .625** (.864) (COS3) 4. Thermometer toward Immigrants .475** .359** .318** (-) 5. Climate change cause .275** .237** .293** .176** (-) 6. Global carbon emissions .316** .261** .377** .166** .763** (-) reduction 7. Face to Face Social Capital .311** .191** .210** .131** .090** .105** (.937) 8. Trust in UN .249** .180** .182** .196** .170** .201** .227 ** (-) M 4.38 4.55 5.16 3.79 5.38 5.71 3.75 3.69 SD 1.29 1.38 1.09 1.59 1.41 1.31 1.40 1.57
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