General Relativity Spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

General Relativity “Spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve.” — John Wheeler

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Gravitational Waves Strain on spacetime. Generated by time-varying quadrupole moment. Propagate at speed of light. Unimpeded by matter. 4

0.000000000000000000001 credit: wikipedia

LIGO-Virgo Network Hanford, WA Pisa, Italy Livingston, LA 6

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O1 BBH: Abbott et al. (2016) PRX 6, 041015 GW170104: Abbott et al. (2017) PRL 118, 221101 GW170608: Abbott et al. (2017) ApJL 851 L35 GW170814: Abbot et al. (2017) PRL 119, 141101 9

Isolated (“Field”) Formation Belczynski et al. (2016) 11

Dynamical Formation Rodriguez et al. (2016) credit: Carl Rodriguez 12

Black Hole Spins prior 13

Black Hole Spins Abbott et al. (2016): PRX 6 , 041015 GW150914 BH spin not extremal 13

Black Hole Spins Abbott et al. (2016): PRX 6 , 041015 LVT151012 13

Black Hole Spins Abbott et al. (2016): PRX 6 , 041015 GW151226 At least one spinning BH 13

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O1 + (some of) O2 Farr et al (2017): arXiv:1709.07896 15

Simple Population Model 16

Current Results fraction of informative events w/ χ e ff > 0 ( ρ ) 1 . 75 marginal posterior density fraction of informative events ( α ) 1 . 50 1 . 25 1 . 00 0 . 75 0 . 50 0 . 25 0 . 00 0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . 0 17

Current Results fraction of informative events w/ χ e ff > 0 ( ρ ) 1 . 75 marginal posterior density fraction of informative events ( α ) 1 . 50 1 . 25 1 . 00 0 . 75 0 . 50 0 . 25 Dynamical 0 . 00 0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . 0 17

Current Results fraction of informative events w/ χ e ff > 0 ( ρ ) 1 . 75 marginal posterior density fraction of informative events ( α ) 1 . 50 1 . 25 1 . 00 0 . 75 0 . 50 0 . 25 Dynamical Field 0 . 00 0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . 0 17

Spin Magnitudes Aligned Isotropic 2 . 5 3 . 0 3 . 0 2 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 0 1 . 5 p ( a ) p ( a ) p ( a ) 1 . 5 1 . 5 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . 0 a a a 18

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GW170817 20

Abbott et al. (2017) arXiv:1710.05833 21

Abbott et al. (2017) arXiv:1710.05833 21

500 Fermi/GBM t-t c SALT LIGO - Virgo Talking Picture 400 (days) ESO-NTT counts/s (arb. scale) frequency (Hz) 1.2 300 SOAR normalized F λ ESO-VLT 200 7000 o 1.4 INTEGRAL/SPI-ACS 100 2.4 4000 o 50 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 400 600 1000 2000 wavelength (nm) t-t c (s) GW LIGO, Virgo γ -ray Fermi, INTEGRAL, Astrosat, IPN, Insight-HXMT, Swift, AGILE, CALET, H.E.S.S., HAWC, Konus-Wind X-ray Swift, MAXI/GSC, NuSTAR, Chandra, INTEGRAL UV Swift, HST Optical Swope, DECam, DLT40, REM-ROS2, HST, Las Cumbres, SkyMapper, VISTA, MASTER, Magellan, Subaru, Pan-STARRS1, HCT, TZAC, LSGT, T17, Gemini-South, NTT, GROND, SOAR, ESO-VLT, KMTNet, ESO-VST, VIRT, SALT, CHILESCOPE, TOROS, BOOTES-5, Zadko, iTelescope.Net, AAT, Pi of the Sky, AST3-2, ATLAS, Danish Tel, DFN, T80S, EABA IR REM-ROS2, VISTA, Gemini-South, 2MASS,Spitzer, NTT, GROND, SOAR, NOT, ESO-VLT, Kanata Telescope, HST Radio ATCA, VLA, ASKAP, VLBA, GMRT, MWA, LOFAR, LWA, ALMA, OVRO, EVN, e-MERLIN, MeerKAT, Parkes, SRT, Effelsberg -100 -50 0 50 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 t-t c (s) t-t c (days) 1M2H Swope DLT40 VISTA Chandra 10.86h i 11.08h h 11.24h YJK s 9d X-ray MASTER DECam Las Cumbres J VLA Abbott et al. (2017) arXiv:1710.05833 22 11.31h 11.40h 11.57h 16.4d W iz w Radio

Masses Abbott et al. (2018) arXiv:1805.11579 23

Known NSs Opel and Freire (2016) 24

500 Fermi/GBM t-t c SALT LIGO - Virgo Talking Picture 400 (days) ESO-NTT counts/s (arb. scale) frequency (Hz) 1.2 300 SOAR normalized F λ ESO-VLT 200 7000 o 1.4 INTEGRAL/SPI-ACS 100 2.4 4000 o 50 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 400 600 1000 2000 wavelength (nm) t-t c (s) GW LIGO, Virgo γ -ray Fermi, INTEGRAL, Astrosat, IPN, Insight-HXMT, Swift, AGILE, CALET, H.E.S.S., HAWC, Konus-Wind X-ray Swift, MAXI/GSC, NuSTAR, Chandra, INTEGRAL UV Swift, HST Optical Swope, DECam, DLT40, REM-ROS2, HST, Las Cumbres, SkyMapper, VISTA, MASTER, Magellan, Subaru, Pan-STARRS1, HCT, TZAC, LSGT, T17, Gemini-South, NTT, GROND, SOAR, ESO-VLT, KMTNet, ESO-VST, VIRT, SALT, CHILESCOPE, TOROS, BOOTES-5, Zadko, iTelescope.Net, AAT, Pi of the Sky, AST3-2, ATLAS, Danish Tel, DFN, T80S, EABA IR REM-ROS2, VISTA, Gemini-South, 2MASS,Spitzer, NTT, GROND, SOAR, NOT, ESO-VLT, Kanata Telescope, HST Radio ATCA, VLA, ASKAP, VLBA, GMRT, MWA, LOFAR, LWA, ALMA, OVRO, EVN, e-MERLIN, MeerKAT, Parkes, SRT, Effelsberg -100 -50 0 50 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 t-t c (s) t-t c (days) 1M2H Swope DLT40 VISTA Chandra 10.86h i 11.08h h 11.24h YJK s 9d X-ray MASTER DECam Las Cumbres J VLA Abbott et al. (2017) arXiv:1710.05833 25 11.31h 11.40h 11.57h 16.4d W iz w Radio

EM Counterparts to BNS credit: Berger (2014) 26

GRB and afterglow credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center 27

GRB and afterglow credit: Lijnis Nelemans credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center 27

Kilonova 28

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Cowperthwaite et al. (2017) 30 credit:Open Kilonova Catalog

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Standard Siren Abbott et al. (2017) arXiv:1710.05835 33

Speed of Gravity temporal offset: 1.74 ± 0.05 s − 3 × 10 − 15 ≤ ∆ v ≥ +7 × 10 − 16 ν EM Abbott et al. (2017) arXiv:1710.05834 34

Conclusions GW170817 was most likely a BNS merger Successful observations of kilonova and afterglow emission Novel measurement of Hubble constant Best measurements of the speed of gravity More to come: O3 : 1 event per week Design : 1 event per day 35