Fire, Smoke, & Radiation Dampers Mark Terzigni Director of Engineering 2019
Program • Introduction • History • Code & Regulations • Construction Types • Fire‐Rated • Smoke‐Rated • Other Duct and Air Transfer Openings • Responsibilities • Testing & Rating • Damper Installation
History • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire – 1911 • MGM Grand Fire – 1980
History Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire – 1911 • 146 Deaths = 44 from smoke and fire, 102 jumped or fell • Exits were locked, Fire escape collapsed • ASSE was founded • NFPA ‐ Life Safety Code
History MGM Grand Fire – 1980 • 85 Deaths = 79 smoke & CO 2 , 4 burns, 1 heart attack, 1 jumped • 650 treated at local hospital for smoke inhalation • Fire on 1 st floor ‐ 17 victims were located on the casino floor and 61 were on floors 16 - 26. • Lead to nationwide reform fire safety codes
Codes and Regulations ● NFPA 80 ‐ Standard for Fire Doors & Other Opening Protectives ● NFPA 90A ‐ Standard for the Installation of Air‐ Conditioning and Ventilation Systems ● NFPA 105 ‐ Standard for Smoke Door Assemblies & other Opening Protectives ● IBC ‐ International Building Code ● IMC ‐ International Mechanical Code ● SMACNA ‐ Fire, Smoke, & Radiation Damper Guide
Who Establishes “Acceptable”? The Damper Manufacturer • Anyone who requires or does any change not specifically shown or defined by the manufacturer is not in compliance with the “AS TESTED” UL safety label of that fire or smoke damper.
Fire‐Rated Construction • Four Types of fire‐resistance rated walls • Fire Walls • Fire Barrier • Shaft Enclosures • Fire Partitions
Fire‐Rated Construction Fire Walls • A fire‐resistance rated wall having protected openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends continuously from the foundation to or through the roof, with sufficient structural stability under fire conditions to allow collapse of construction on either side without collapse of the wall. [IBC‐2015:202]
Fire‐Rated Construction Fire Walls • Usually structurally independent and are rated at 3 to 4 hours • Duct or air transfer openings through a Fire Wall located on a property or lot line are NOT allowed *not even with a fire damper. • Most restrictive of the 4 types of fire‐rated walls
Fire‐Rated Construction Fire Walls • Exceptions (2015 IBC sect. 706.11): • Not on lot line (i.e.. Fire Wall is located within a building) • Penetration complies with 717.5.1
Fire‐Rated Construction Fire Barriers • A fire‐resistance‐rated wall assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which continuity is maintained. [IBC‐2015:202] • Typically used to subdivide floors • Can be used to sub‐divide portions of the building contained by a firewall • Medium‐rating level of the four types of fire‐rated walls.
Fire‐Rated Construction Fire Barriers • Exceptions • ASTM E119 tested fire‐resistance rated assembly • Ducts used as part of an approved smoke control system • Walls penetrated with less than 1 hour rating & fully sprinkled. • constructed of minimum 26 gage and is continuous from equipment to the air outlet and inlet terminals.
Fire‐Rated Construction Shaft Enclosures • The walls or construction forming the boundaries of a shaft. [IBC‐2015:202] • Shaft ‐ An enclosed space extending through one or more stories of a building, connecting vertical openings in successive floors, or floors and roof. • All permitted duct and air transfer openings must have a listed fire and smoke damper.
Fire‐Rated Construction Shaft Enclosures • Exceptions • Steel exhaust subducts at least 22 inch with continuous airflow upward to the outside • ASTM E119 rated assembly • Ducts used as part of an approved smoke control system • The shaft (exhaust or supply)location is in a parking garage that is separated from other building shafts by 2‐hour fire‐ resistance‐rated construction.
Fire‐Rated Construction Fire Partition • A vertical assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are protected. [IBC‐ 2015:202] • Can be used to sub‐divide portions of the building contained by a firewall • Similar to Fire Barrier except generally less fire resistive materials than fire barriers • Minimum‐rating level of the four types of fire‐rated walls.
Fire‐Rated Construction Fire Partition • Exceptions • Tenant separation or corridor walls within fully sprinkled building • Duct less than 100 sq. inches • Duct not having openings that communicate the corridor with adjacent spaces • Walls penetrated with less than 1 hour rating & fully sprinkled. • constructed of minimum 26 gage and is continuous from equipment to the air outlet and inlet terminals.
Smoke‐Rated Construction • Three Types of fire‐resistance rated walls • Corridors • Smoke Barrier • Smoke Partitions
Smoke‐Rated Construction Corridor • An enclosed exit access component that defines and provides a path of egress travel. [IBC‐2015:202]
Smoke‐Rated Construction Corridor • Corridors shall be protected with dampers as follows: • A corridor damper constructed as required for the corridor walls • A ceiling radiation damper shall be provided where the ceiling membrane of a fire‐resistance‐rated floor‐ceiling or roof‐ceiling assembly • A listed smoke damper designed to resist the passage of smoke shall be provided at each point a duct or air transfer opening penetrates a corridor
Smoke‐Rated Construction Corridor • Exceptions: • The building is equipped throughout with an approved smoke control system. • The duct is constructed of steel not less than 26 ga and there are no openings serving the corridor.
Smoke‐Rated Construction Smoke Barrier • A continuous membrane, either vertical or horizontal, such as a wall, floor or ceiling assembly, that is designed and constructed to restrict the movement of smoke. [IBC‐2015:202] • Smoke barriers are also automatically one‐hour fire partitions.
Smoke‐Rated Construction Smoke Barrier • Smoke Barriers shall be protected with dampers as follows: • A listed smoke damper designed to resist the passage of smoke shall be provided at each point a duct or air transfer opening penetrates the smoke barrier • Leakage Rating either Class I or Class II with a minimum elevated temperature rating of 250°F
Smoke‐Rated Construction Smoke Barrier • Exceptions: • Opening in duct are limited to a single smoke compartment and the ducts are constructed of steel. • Constructed per IMC and Building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system
Smoke‐Rated Construction Smoke Partition • A continuous membrane that is designed to form a barrier to limit the transfer of smoke [NFPA 101‐ 2015:3.3.256 (SAF‐MEA) ] • Typically used in Corridor walls in Group I‐2(IBC only) and Sprinkler protected hazardous areas – NFPA
Smoke‐Rated Construction Smoke Partition • Smoke Partitions shall be protected with dampers as follows: • A listed smoke damper designed to resist the passage of smoke shall be provided at each point that an air transfer opening penetrates a smoke partition . • Leakage Rating either Class I or Class II with an minimum elevated temperature rating of 250°F
Smoke‐Rated Construction Smoke Partition • Exceptions: • If the smoke damper will interfere with a smoke control system.
Other Duct and Air Transfer Openings Horizontal Assemblies • A fire resistance rated floor or roof assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which continuity is maintained.
Other Duct and Air Transfer Openings Horizontal Assemblies • Penetrations of a floor, floor/ceiling assembly or the ceiling membrane of a roof/ceiling assembly shall be protected by a shaft enclosure. • Penetrations that are considered Horizontal Assemblies • Through Penetrations • Membrane Penetrations
Other Duct and Air Transfer Openings Horizontal Assemblies ‐ Through • A duct that penetrates a fire‐resistance‐rated floor/ceiling assembly that connects not more than two stories is permitted without shaft enclosure protection, provided a listed fire damper is installed at the floor line or the duct is protected
Other Duct and Air Transfer Openings Horizontal Assemblies ‐ Through • Exceptions: • Duct is permitted to penetrate three floors or less without a fire damper if it meets all of the following: • 26ga minimum and located within the cavity of the wall • Opens into one unit and is continuous from unit to exterior of building • Duct cross area shall not exceed 100 sq. inches • Annular space must be protected per ASTM E119 • Grille openings in fire rated locations must be listed ceiling radiation dampers
Other Duct and Air Transfer Openings Horizontal Assemblies ‐ Membrane • A breach in one side of a floor‐ceiling, roof‐ceiling or wall assembly to accommodate an item installed into or passing through the breach. • Must be protected with one of the following: • A shaft enclosure • A listed ceiling radiation damper • Duct or transfer air opening
Recommend
More recommend
