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Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells Luigi Angelo Castrio;a Master Thesis Defence 27.9.2017 Supervised by: Prof. Stefan Mannsfeld & Dr. Lucio Cinà cicciresearch.it cfaed.tu-dresden.de
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells CONTENT CoaAng Results & Mesoscopic techniques Discussions Solar Cells Perovskite CharacterizaAon Conclusions IntroducAon Solar Cells techniques 2
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal IntroducAon Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells Sunlight is Earth’s most abundant energy source and it is delivered free of charge 1 . Human energy consumpAon in 1 year: 1.11x10 14 KWh Solar energy supply in 1 hour: 1.78x10 14 KWh 3 1 h;p://naAonalacademies.org
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal IntroducAon Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells How can we use sunlight? Solar Cells A photovoltaic device that converts light energy What is a Solar Cell? into electrical energy How do Solar Cells work? Photoelectric Effect Heinrich Rudolf Hertz Hertz observed for the first Ame and 1887 published observaAons on the photoelectric effect. Lenard noAced that the energy electrons produced increased as the 1902 Philipp von Lenard frequency, or colour, of the light Solar energy supply in increased. 1 hour: 1.78x10 14 KWh Einstein realized that light must contain packets, or quanta, which 1905 are quanAAes, of energy called 4 photons. Albert Einstein
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal IntroducAon Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells Mesoscopic Solar Cells Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 1700731 5 Reported Ameline of solar cell energy conversion efficiencies since 1976 from the NaAonal Renewable Energy Laboratory
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Mesoscopic Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells Solar Cells Mesoscopic Solar Cells All solar cells that are based on a nanoporous, or mesoporous semiconductor Dye Sensi3zed Solar Cells (DSCs) Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) SchemaAc representaAon of classic PSCs 6 SchemaAc representaAon of DSCs
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Perovskite Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells Solar Cells Perovskite is a calcium Atanium oxide mineral composed of calcium Atanate (CaTiO 3 ), it lends its name to the class of compounds which have the same type of crystal structure as CaTiO 3 The general chemical formula for perovskite compounds is ABX 3 , where 'A' and 'B' are two caAons of very different sizes, and X is an anion that bonds to both. Lev Perovski CaTiO 3 mineral SchemaAc representaAon of a perovskite compound Different structures of perovskite depending on the value of tolerance factor t 7
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Perovskite Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells Solar Cells Perovskite is a calcium Atanium oxide mineral composed of calcium Atanate (CaTiO 3 ), it lends its name to the class of compounds which have the same type of crystal structure as CaTiO 3 The general chemical formula for perovskite compounds is ABX 3 , where 'A' and 'B' are two caAons of very different sizes, and X is an anion that bonds to both. Lev Perovski CaTiO 3 mineral SchemaAc representaAon of a perovskite compound Different structures of perovskite depending on the value of tolerance factor t Tolerance and octahedral factor of different Perovskite materials 7 used in solar cells. Nature Photonics 2014, 8, 506-514 .
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Perovskite Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells Solar Cells Perovskite Solar Cells SoluAon processing, excellent charge mobiliAes, small exciton binding energy Stability, Device structure (Interface engineering), Scalability, toxicity Organic Si GaAs Materials Picture take from the Okinawa InsAtute of Science and Technology, h;ps://groups.oist.jp/ ü Indirect band-gap, phonon assisted ü Direct band-gap ü Localized states ü μm range visible light ü Excitonic effect at ü Excitonic effect ü Thick solar cells absorpAon edge ü Large absorpAon ü No light emission ü Good light ü Efficient carrier recombinaAon Energy levels for different materials acAng as ETM (lec), absorbers (middle) 8 and HTM (right). Materials Today , 2-2014, Vol.17, 1. Device architecture of mesoporous (a), regular (b) and inverted (c) PSCs. J. Mater. Chem. A , 2017, 5, 11462-11482 .
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Perovskite Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells Solar Cells Perovskite Solar Cells SoluAon processing, excellent charge mobiliAes, small exciton binding energy Stability, Device structure (Interface engineering), Scalability, toxicity Organic Si GaAs Perovskite Materials Picture take from the Okinawa InsAtute of Science and Technology, h;ps://groups.oist.jp/ ü Indirect band-gap, phonon assisted ü Direct band-gap ü Localized states ü μm range visible light ü Excitonic effect at ü Excitonic effect ü Thick solar cells absorpAon edge ü Large absorpAon ü No light emission ü Good light ü Efficient carrier recombinaAon Energy levels for different materials acAng as ETM (lec), absorbers (middle) 8 and HTM (right). Materials Today , 2-2014, Vol.17, 1. Device architecture of mesoporous (a), regular (b) and inverted (c) PSCs. J. Mater. Chem. A , 2017, 5, 11462-11482 .
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal CoaAng Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells Techniques Coa3ng Techniques Blade coater Spin coater Screen Printer • • • Spray coater Slot die coater Charon 9 • • •
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal CharacterizaAon Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells techniques Characteriza3on techniques • Confocal Microscopy ü Film uniformity Light Beam Induced Current (LBIC) • ü Device uniformity Scheme of film characterizaAon Profilometer • ü Film thickness Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) • ü Device thickness • Solar Simulator ü IV CharacterisAcs UV-Vis Spectroscopy • 10 PbI 2 layer made by Charon
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Results & Discussions Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells Results & Discussions Large Area Devices 5x5cm modules 10x10cm modules 11
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Results & Discussions Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells spin coater CHARON Large Area Devices spin coater Perovskite OpAmizaAon 12
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Results & Discussions Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells CHARON 5x5cm modules CHARON spin coater Spiro-MeOTAD opAmizaAon No treatment 13
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Results & Discussions Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells 5x5cm modules SPIN CHARON 14
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Results & Discussions Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells CHARON 10x10cm modules CHARON CHARON Perovskite OpAmizaAon 15
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Results & Discussions Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells The remaining steps in the device fabricaAon have been CHARON 10x10cm modules made by Fabio Ma;eocci, Luigi Vesce and Alessandro CHARON Palma from the Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar CHARON Energy (C.H.O.S.E.) in Rome, the electro-opAcal characterizaAon is sAll under analysis (update of September 26 th . TiO 2 OpAmizaAon 16
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Conclusions Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells C ONCLUSIONS The use of an automated blade coater (Charon), built by Cicci Research s.r.l., allows an easy scale- • up of the deposiAon area. By using Charon, Mesoporous TiO 2 , Perovskite and Spiro-MeOTAD layers have been opAmized in the overall process flow of the device fabricaAon. • From the device characterisAcs, a PCE of 13.8% was obtained for a 1cm 2 cell, while 14cm 2 modules showed a remarkable PCE of 13.1%, overcoming the previous record 2 . The correlaAon between deposiAon and drying is fundamental for large area devices and the use of • an automated blade coater (Charon) allows to achieve great results in terms of uniformity of films. 17 2 Journal of Power Sources 2015, 277, 286-291
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells A CKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you to Dr. Lucio Cinà & Professor Stefan Mannsfeld. Thank you to Aldo Di Carlo, Fabio Ma;eocci, Luigi Vesce & Alessandro Palma. Thank you to Babak Taheri, Stefania Cacovich, Paolo Mariani, Eliana Del Bianco. 18
Advanced Design and electro-op3cal Characteriza3on of Mesoscopic Solar Cells Thank you for your a;enAon 19 View publication stats View publication stats
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