Feeding the brood bitch and her puppies A. Kate Shoveller, PhD Center - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feeding the brood bitch and her puppies A. Kate Shoveller, PhD Center for Nutrition Modeling

Agenda • Reminder Proper nutrient supply starts before conception • Reminder Breeding bitch to puppy how to feed to produce an optimum development and learning • Transition to feeding adult dogs and considerations for your feeding management

Management of the brood bitch starts prior to breeding Body Condition Health Status • Ideal body score* • Physical examination • Ideal or maximum • Vaccinations muscle condition score • Clear of parasites • Daily exercise*

Body condition score Under-conditioning before or during 1 Thin pregnancy may result in: - Poor puppy development - Difficulty with weight during lactation and being prepared for 2 Underweight next litter - Slight fat covering over the ribs and pelvis 3 Ideal - Good muscling that is maintained through exercise Over conditioning before or during pregnancy may result in: 4 Overweight - Difficulty whelping - Reduced feed intake during lactation resulting in poor milk production and difficulty being prepared for 5 Obese next litter - Potentially long term decifits in the puppies

How much to feed? 400 350 300% 300 % Maintenance Requirement* 250% 250 200% 200% 200 150% 125% 150 Maintenance 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gestation Lactation (Weeks) (Weeks) Wean Whelp * Expressed on an energy basis

Fetal growth 300 Protein, EFA, Glucose & Minerals 250 200 Weight (grams) Protein, EFA & Glucose 150 100 Protein , EFA & 50 B-Complex Vitamins 0 26 28 30 32 34 36 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 GestationalAge (days)

Sources of Fatty Acids • Linolenic acid (18:3n-3) – Flaxseed oil – Soybean oil – Canola oil • Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) – Safflower oil – Sunflower oil – Corn oil – Flaxseed oil • Also called linseed oil • Long-chain PUFA – EPA (20:5n-3) – DPA (22:5n-3) – DHA (22:6n-3) • Fish/marine oils – Can be highly

Effect of maternal essential fatty acid depletion on number of litters 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 EFA Status 2.1 2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 CTL 1 2 3 4 5 Number of Litters

Effect of reproduction on maternal EFA Undesirable Desirable 120 100 Relative EFA % 80 60 40 6 Weeks 4 Weeks Pre-breeding Breeding Whelp Weaning Pregnant Lactation

Positive benefits of optimal n-6: n-3 ratio on maternal EFA status 120 omega-6:3 ratio of 5:1 omega-6:3 ratio of 20:1 110 EFA Status 100 90 80 70 6 Weeks 4 Weeks Pre-breeding Breeding Whelp Weaning Pregnant Lactation

Effect of maternal dietary fatty acids on neonatal EFA status 2.4 c 2.2 c b 2 EFA Index a c b 1.8 b 1.6 a a 1.4 1.2 1 P14 P28 W0 Age of Puppy Low Med High

Effect of maternal dietary fatty acids on neonatal DHA c 9 8 7 6 c DHA 5 b 4 c b 3 b 2 a 1 a a 0 P14 P28 W0 Age of Puppy Low Med High

DHA improved brain development JAVMA, Vol 241, No 5, September 1, 2012

Optimal diet for the lactating bitch Energy Density 4400 kcal ME/kg or greater Fat 45% of calories* FISH MEAL or FISH OIL Protein 27% of calories* Meat? By-product meal? Vegetable? Carbohydrate 28% of calories Barley? Wheat? Rice Ancient grains? Potatoes? Sweet potatoes? Fiber <3%, moderately fermentablefiber source Beet pulp, fructo-oligosacchardies, mannano-oligosaccharides Omega-6:Omega-3 Fatty acid ratio between 5:1 and 10:1 FISH MEAL or FISH OIL * Label values for guaranteed analysis will be a minimum of 20% fat and 30% protein

The pups • Solid food should start between 3 and 5 weeks of age • Use bitch’s performance food • Mix with water to gruel consistency and gradually increase • Solid food 100% at about 42 days of age

The pups • It is fine to feed any breed the “performance” food or other high calorie food up to weaning • Large breeds should go on a special food designed for large breed puppies after weaning • D not use a Large Breed Puppy food to feed the pregnant dam!

Optimal diet for the post weaned puppy Energy Density ~4000 kcal ME/kg FISH MEAL or FISH OIL Fat >35% f o ca or es l i * Meat? By-product meal? Vegetable? Protein >20% of calories* Barley? Wheat? Rice? Ancient grains? Carbohydrate 20-30% of calories Potatoes? Sweet potatoes? Fiber >3%-5%, moderately Beet pulp, fructo-oligosacchardies, fermentablefiber source mannano-oligosaccharides Omega-6:Omega-3 FISH MEAL or FISH OIL Fatty acid ratio between 5:1 and 10:1 * Label values for guaranteed analysis will be a minimum of 10% fat and 20% protein

The problem with diet supplements ALTERED BY ADDITION OF Amount of Nutrient ½ cup 100 gram Provided by Feeding Cottage 3 oz. More Nutrient 300 grams of Dry Diet Cheese Beef Liver Dry Diet Protein (g) 93 106 115 124 Fat (g) 63 67.5 67 84 Calcium (mg) 3500 3563 3509 4700 Phosphorus (mg) 2900 3080 3305 3850 Ca:P (ratio) 1.2:1 1.15:1 1.05:1 1.2:1 Based on the average analysis a commercial premium diet guaranteed to contain 30% protein, 20% fat and 4452 kcal ME.

Bringing it together, nutritional management • Opportunity to track animals over time and make nutrition changes to match their lifestyle • Key to nutritional management of puppies for a long healthy life is to keep them optimal • Other nutritional factors to consider: n3 fatty acids from marine based ingredients, mitochondrial cofactors such as L-carnitine, and antioxidants

“Quarreling over food and drink, having neither scruples nor shame, not knowing right from wrong, not trying to avoid death or injury, not fearful of greater strength or of greater numbers, greedily aware only of food an drink- such is the bravery of the dog an the boar.” Xun Zi

What is real? Intellectual Property Scientific Dishonesty Objectivity in Research Ob jectivity inthe Media Avoiding anthropomorphism

What are ingredients used for? Wh • Remember that animals utilize NUTRIENTS What matters is: – Individual nutrient requirements of animals – Nutrient content of feed ingredients

Ingredient quality • Nutrient composition and is processed to address: • Presence of anti-nutritional factors • Presence of contaminants or bacteria • Processing employed can affect: • Digestibility • Palatability and food intake BUT, when do these really matter?

Ingredient regulations: • Ingredientsused must be AAFCO officiallydefined animal feed ingredients,be approvedfood additives (via formal FDA-CVM review) or be considered GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) by the FDA. • Many regulators will reject product registration requests if they find unapproved ingredients in the ingredient list.

Why do we cook the food then?

Why do we cook the food then?

Rendering destroys bacteria of food safety concern Bacteria Raw Tissue Rendered Clostridium perfingens 71% 0% Listeria species 76% 0% L. Monocytogenes 8% 0% Campylobacter species 30% 0% C. Jejuni 20% 0% Salmonella species 85% 0%

MEAL MEAT PRO PRO Stable and sanitary Allergens! Ease of handling, storing and shipping High protein, low ash Versatility Consumer perception/marketing High palatability Con Con Lost of allergens! Hard to store Consumer perception Special feed processing Lower palatability A lot of bacteria $$$$$$$$$$$$

Effects of palatability enhancersand point of introduction Ingredient and process Palatability index conditions But why do we need to provide a highly No added fat or fresh meat 1.00 palatable food? Should we? When do we Premixing added fat 2.13 need a more palatable food and when do we need less palatable food? Fat added to extruder 5.58 Fresh meat and fat added to the 11.35 extruder

Home-made vs. commercial dog food Streiff et al, J. Nutr 132: 1698S. Nutrient Home made Commercial AAFCO levels 21.1 16.1 5.0 Fat (%) Protein (%) 33 25.9 18 Ca (%) 0.47 1.39 0.6-2.5 P (%) 0.46 1.13 0.5-1.6 Ca:P 0.82 1.26 1.0-2.0 332 974 500-5 000 Vitamin D (IU/kg) Vitamin A (IU/kg) 5209 19131 5 000-25 000 19.25 187 50 – 1 000 Vitamin E (IU/kg)

Emerging pet food brands, my concern Canine Canine Feline Feline Growth Maintenance Growth Maintenance P-Value Protein (%) 32.6 28.6 36.6 31.15 0.77 Fat (%) 16.9 12.4 17.1 15.00 0.46 Canine Canine Feline Feline Growth Maintenance Growth Maintenance Protein (%) 22 18 30 26 Fat (%) 8.5 5.5 9 9

How can I manage my pet through her lifetime? • Body condition and body measurements • Stress and activity: See Candace • Managing how and when you feed • Managing what you feed • Human food? Should you feed your dog anything other than dog food?

Body condition score Under-conditioning before or during 1 Thin pregnancy may result in: - Poor puppy development - Difficulty with weight during lactation and being prepared for 2 Underweight next litter - Slight fat covering over the ribs and pelvis 3 Ideal - Good muscling that is maintained through exercise Over conditioning before or during pregnancy may result in: 4 Overweight - Difficulty whelping - Reduced feed intake during lactation resulting in poor milk production and difficulty being prepared for 5 Obese next litter - Potentially long term decifits in the puppies