Facial expressions of emotion P. Ekman and H. Oster Presentation by: Nikki Branderhorst, Vera Hijkoop & Wei-Hsi Lin
CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES AND THE ISSUE OF UNIVERSALITY ● Emotions are labelled the same way regardless of culture. ● Members of different cultures generally show the same facial expressions of emotion ○ Culture-specific display rules
DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES ● Imitation of facial movements ● Preschool children know the most common facial expressions ● Social communication
ACCURACY ● Facial expressions of emotion can provide accurate information about emotional states ● Facial expressions can be disguised ● Individual differences
FACIAL FEEDBACK ● Self- attribution theory ● Overt facial expression ○ Subjects showed less intense facial expression when they were told that they were being observed. ○ People are more likely to smile when interacting with others than when they are alone (Fernández Dols & Ruiz Belda, 1995; Fridlund, 1991).
POSITIVE POINTS ● Extensive literature review on several relevant topics on research on facial expression of emotion ● Include relevant criticisms, unanswered questions & suggestion for further research structured by topic
CRITICISM ( on research topic and paper ) ● Self-reported emotion is subjective ● “Artificial” emotion in lab settings ● Influence of posture and voice is often not considered ● The reviewers Ekman & Oster may be subjective in reviewing their own work.
RESEARCH QUESTION “ Do people show emotions through facial expression differently toward robots than towards humans? ” ● Previous study about robot & human emotion focus on robots ● Combine the findings of current study ○ People convey emotion through facial expression ○ Facial expressions can be disguised or manipulated in social interaction ● Generalize to human-robot interaction?
RESEARCH QUESTION Method ● Between-group design ● Dependent variable: emotional intensity & facial expression ● Independent variable: human / humanoid robot / technical robot ● Procedure a. Watch a video clip b. Self-reported emotional intensity evoked by the clip c. Describe the plot and feelings to a person / humanoid robot / technical robot d. Record facial expression & self-reported emotional intensity about the conversation
RESEARCH QUESTION Expected results ● People disguise or manipulate emotions in social situations (Graaf, 2016). ● People show more genuine intensity in facial expressions of emotion when communicating with a technical robot ● Facial expression are less aligned with the emotion they reported when interacting with human / human- like robot
RESEARCH QUESTION ● Conclusion ○ Research on a robot’s ability to express emotion, the perception of a robot’s facial expression and facial expression recognition ( Bartlett, littlework, Fasel & Movellan, 2003) has been studied extensively in the HTI domain recently. It would be interesting to explore how people show emotions and intensity of these emotions through facial expression towards robots.
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