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Fa FairTest: : Disc Discovering un ering unwarr arran anted asso ed associa4o cia4ons in ns in da data- a-driv driven n applic applica4o a4ons ns IEEE IEEE Eur EuroS&P S&P Ap April 28t 28th, 2017 2017 Florian

  1. Fa FairTest: : Disc Discovering un ering unwarr arran anted asso ed associa4o cia4ons in ns in da data- a-driv driven n applic applica4o a4ons ns IEEE IEEE Eur EuroS&P S&P Ap April 28t 28th, 2017 2017 Florian Tramèr 1 , Vaggelis Atlidakis 2 , Roxana Geambasu 2 , Daniel Hsu 2 , Jean-Pierre Hubaux 3 , Mathias Humbert 4 , Ari Juels 5 , Huang Lin 3 1 Stanford University, 2 Columbia University, 3 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 4 Saarland University, 5 Cornell Tech 1

  2. “Unfair” associa4ons + + consequences 2

  3. “Unfair” associa4ons + + consequences 3 These are so#ware bugs : need to ac#vely test for them and fix them (i.e., debug) in data-driven applicaSons… just as with func#onality, performance, and reliability bugs.

  4. Un Unwarr arran anted A ed Asso ssocia4o ia4ons Mo ns Model del 4 Data-driven User inputs ApplicaSon outputs applicaSon Protected inputs

  5. Limi mits of preventa4ve me measures 5 What doesn’t work : • Hide protected aUributes from data-driven applicaSon. • Aim for staSsScal parity w.r.t. protected classes and service output. Foremost challenge is to even detect these unwarranted associaSons.

  6. A Fr Frame mework for Unwarranted Associa4ons 6 1. Specify relevant data features : (e.g., Gender, Race, … ) • Protected variables (e.g., Price, Error rate, … ) • “USlity”: a funcSon of the algorithm’s output • Explanatory variables (e.g., QualificaSons) (e.g., LocaSon, Job, … ) • Contextual variables 2. Find sta6s6cally significant associa6ons between protected aUributes and uSlity • Condi#on on explanatory variables • Not Sed to any parScular sta#s#cal metric (e.g., odds raSo) 3. Granular search in seman6cally meaningful subpopula6ons • Efficiently list subgroups with highest adverse effects

  7. Fa FairTest: a t : a tes4ng suit es4ng suite f e for da r data- a-driv driven app en apps s 7 • Finds context-specific associaSons between protected variables and applicaSon outputs, condiSoned on explanatory variables • Bug report ranks findings by assoc. strength and affected pop. size locaSon, click, … prices, tags, … Data-driven User inputs ApplicaSon outputs applicaSon race, gender, … Protected vars. FairTest zip code, job, … Context vars. Explanatory vars. qualificaSons, … AssociaSon bug report for developer

  8. A data-d A d -driven en a approa oach ch 8 Core of FairTest is based on staSsScal machine learning Report of associations of O=Price on S i =Income: Find context-specific associaSons Assoc. metric: norm. mutual information (NMI). Global Population of size 494,436 p-value=3.34e-10 ; NMI=[0.0001, 0.0005] Price Income <$50K Income >=$50K Total FairTest Training data High 15301 (6%) 13867 (6%) 29168 (6%) Low 234167(94%) 231101(94%) 465268 (94%) Data Total 249468(50%) 244968(50%) 494436(100%) 1. Subpopulation of size 23,532 Test data Context= { State: CA, Race: White } StaSsScally validate associaSons p-value=2.31e-24 ; NMI=[0.0051, 0.0203] Price Income <$50K Income >=$50K Total High 606 (8%) 691 (4%) 1297 (6%) Ideally sampled from Low 7116(92%) 15119(96%) 22235 (94%) Total 7722(33%) 15810(67%) 23532(100%) relevant user populaSon 2. Subpopulation of size 2,198 Sta6s6cal machine learning internals : Context= { State: NY, Race: Black, Gender: Male } p-value=7.72e-05 ; NMI=[0.0040, 0.0975] • top-down spaSal parSSoning algorithm Price Income <$50K Income >=$50K Total High 52 (4%) 8 (1%) 60 (3%) Low 1201(96%) 937(99%) 2138 (97%) • confidence intervals for assoc. metrics Total 1253(57%) 945(43%) 2198(100%) ...more entries (sorted by decreasing NMI)... • …

  9. Reports for Fairness bugs Re 9 • Example: simulaSon of Report of associations of O=Price on S i =Income: locaSon based pricing Assoc. metric: norm. mutual information (NMI). Global Population of size 494,436 scheme p-value=3.34e-10 ; NMI=[0.0001, 0.0005] Price Income <$50K Income >=$50K Total High 15301 (6%) 13867 (6%) 29168 (6%) • Test for disparate impact on Low 234167(94%) 231101(94%) 465268 (94%) Total 249468(50%) 244968(50%) 494436(100%) low-income popula6ons 1. Subpopulation of size 23,532 Context= { State: CA, Race: White } p-value=2.31e-24 ; NMI=[0.0051, 0.0203] • Low effect over whole US Price Income <$50K Income >=$50K Total populaSon High 1297 (6%) 606 (8%) 691 (4%) Low 7116(92%) 15119(96%) 22235 (94%) Total 7722(33%) 15810(67%) 23532(100%) • High effects in specific sub- 2. Subpopulation of size 2,198 Context= { State: NY, Race: Black, Gender: Male } populaSons p-value=7.72e-05 ; NMI=[0.0040, 0.0975] Price Income <$50K Income >=$50K Total High 52 (4%) 8 (1%) 60 (3%) Low 1201(96%) 937(99%) 2138 (97%) Total 1253(57%) 945(43%) 2198(100%)

  10. As Associ ocia4on on-Gu -Guided ed D Deci ecision on T Trees ees 10 Goal: find most strongly affected user sub-populaSons A C Split into sub-populaSons with OccupaSon Increasingly strong associaSons B between protected variables … and applica6on outputs < 50 ≥ 50 Age … …

  11. Associ As ocia4on on-Gu -Guided ed D Deci ecision on T Trees ees 11 • Efficient discovery of contexts with high associaSons • Outperforms previous approaches based on frequent itemset mining • Easily interpretable contexts by default • AssociaSon-metric agnosSc Metric Use Case Binary raSo/difference Binary variables Mutual InformaSon Categorical variables Pearson CorrelaSon Scalar variables Regression High dimensional outputs Plugin your own! ??? • Greedy strategy (some bugs could be missed)

  12. Examp mple: healthcare applica4on 12 Predictor of whether pa6ent will visit hospital again in next year (from winner of 2012 Heritage Health Prize CompeSSon) FairTest findings : strong associaSon between age and predicSon error rate Hospital Will paSent be age, gender, re-admission re-admiUed? # emergencies, … predictor AssociaSon may translate to quanSfiable harms (e.g., if model is used to adjust insurance premiums)

  13. Debug Debugging with ging with Fa FairTest 13 Are there confounding factors ? Do associaSons disappear aqer condiSoning? ⇒ AdapSve Data Analysis! Example: the healthcare applicaSon (again) High confidence in predic#on • EsSmate predicSon confidence (target variance) • Does this explain the predictor’s behavior? • Yes, parSally FairTest helps developers understand & evaluate potenSal associaSon bugs.

  14. Ot Other er a applica4on ons s studied ed u using Fa FairTest 14 • Image tagger based on ImageNet data ⇒ Large output space (~1000 labels) ⇒ FairTest automaScally switches to regression metrics ⇒ Tagger has higher error rate for pictures of black people • Simple movie recommender system ⇒ Men are assigned movies with lower ra#ngs than women ⇒ Use personal preferences as explanatory factor ⇒ FairTest finds no significant bias anymore

  15. Closing rema marks 15 The Unwarranted Associa/ons Framework • Captures a broader set of algorithmic biases than in prior work • Principled approach for staSsScally valid invesSgaSons FairTest • The first end-to-end system for evaluaSng algorithmic fairness Developers need beOer sta6s6cal training and tools to make beOer sta6s6cal decisions and applica6ons. hUp://arxiv.org/abs/1510.02377

  16. Examp mple: Berkeley graduate admi missions 16 Admission into UC Berkeley graduate programs (Bickel, Hammel, and O’Connell, 1975) Bickel et al ’s (and also FairTest’s) findings : gender bias in admissions at university level, but mostly gone aqer condiSoning on department Graduate admissions Admit applicant? age, gender, GPA, … commiUees FairTest helps developers understand & evaluate potenSal associaSon bugs.

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