Everything * you need to know about the psychology of perception † to make effective visualisations ‡ Hadley Wickham, Rice University Thursday, July 19, 12
Everything * you need to know about the psychology of perception † to make effective visualisations ‡ * that I can cram into 40 minutes Hadley Wickham, Rice University Thursday, July 19, 12
Everything * you need to know about the psychology of perception † to make effective visualisations ‡ * that I can cram into 40 minutes † but I’m not a psychologist Hadley Wickham, Rice University Thursday, July 19, 12
Everything * you need to know about the psychology of perception † to make effective visualisations ‡ * that I can cram into 40 minutes † but I’m not a psychologist ‡ in my opinion Hadley Wickham, Rice University Thursday, July 19, 12
http://www.dreamsystemsmedia.com/blog/index.php/social-media-statistics-of-the-day/ Thursday, July 19, 12
1 Match perceptual and data topology Thursday, July 19, 12
Which represents the larger value? Thursday, July 19, 12
Which represents the larger value? Thursday, July 19, 12
Which represents the larger value? Thursday, July 19, 12
Which represents the larger value? Thursday, July 19, 12
Which represents the larger value? Thursday, July 19, 12
Which represents the larger value? Thursday, July 19, 12
Which represents the larger value? Thursday, July 19, 12
Which represents the larger value? Thursday, July 19, 12
What are the three important components of colour? Thursday, July 19, 12
RGB Thursday, July 19, 12
r +50/255 R +100/255 R g +100/255 G +50/255 G b +100/255 B +50/255 B Thursday, July 19, 12
RGB HSV HSL HCL (aka polar LUV) Thursday, July 19, 12
hc l http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_color_space#Disadvantages hs v hs l Thursday, July 19, 12
RGB HSV HSL HCL (aka polar LUV) Thursday, July 19, 12
h c l Thursday, July 19, 12
Thursday, July 19, 12 luminance hue chroma Munsell, Albert H. (1905). A Color Notation. Boston: G. H. Ellis Co.
Why care? Perceptually uniform Hue is unordered. Use evenly spaced hues with equal chroma and luminance to make aesthetically pleasing discrete palettes. Chroma and luminance are ordered. Easy to make perceptually uniform gradients by varying either (or both). Never use rainbow scales again! Thursday, July 19, 12
Aesthetic Topology Position Ordered Size Ordered Luminance Ordered Chroma Ordered Shape Unordered Hue Unordered Thursday, July 19, 12
2 Make important comparisons easy Thursday, July 19, 12
W. S. Cleveland and R. McGill. Graphical perception: Theory, experimentation and application to the development of graphical methods. Journal of the American Statistical Association , 79 (387):531–554, 1984. a b Thursday, July 19, 12
a b Thursday, July 19, 12
a b Thursday, July 19, 12
b a Thursday, July 19, 12
b a Thursday, July 19, 12
Cleveland & McGill's Results T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Log Error Crowdsourced Results T1 T2 T3 J. Heer and T4 M. Bostock. T5 Crowdsourcing graphical perception: T6 Using mechanical T7 turk to assess T8 visualization design. T9 In CHI 2010 , 2010. 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Thursday, July 19, 12
We perceive relative differences Thursday, July 19, 12
We perceive relative differences Thursday, July 19, 12
Position Length / Angle Area Volume / Chroma / Luminance × Close objects are easier to compare than distant objects × Perception is relative Thursday, July 19, 12
http://www.dreamsystemsmedia.com/blog/index.php/social-media-statistics-of-the-day/ Thursday, July 19, 12
Fair Good Very Good 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 count Premium Ideal 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 5000 10000 15000 0 5000 10000 15000 0 5000 10000 15000 price Thursday, July 19, 12
5e − 04 4e − 04 cut Fair density 3e − 04 Good Very Good Premium Ideal 2e − 04 1e − 04 0e+00 0 5000 10000 15000 price Thursday, July 19, 12
Common misunderstanding Pie charts are bad! Die pie chart, DIE Thursday, July 19, 12
Common misunderstanding Pie charts are bad! Die pie chart, DIE Pie charts are bad when you want to accurately compare two numbers Thursday, July 19, 12
Common misunderstanding Pie charts are bad! Die pie chart, DIE Pie charts are bad when you want to accurately compare two numbers But: As good as bars for estimating percentage of whole. Better than bars for comparing compound proportions (A + B vs C + D) Thursday, July 19, 12
Common misunderstanding Pie charts are bad! Die pie chart, DIE Pie charts are bad when you want to accurately compare two numbers But: As good as bars for estimating percentage of whole. Better than bars for comparing compound proportions (A + B vs C + D) I. Spence. No Humble Pie: The Origins and Usage of a Statistical Chart. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics , 30:353–368, 2005. Thursday, July 19, 12
Beware 1.0 0.8 0.6 y1 0.4 0.2 2 4 6 8 10 x Thursday, July 19, 12
Beware http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/sze_sineIllusion/index.html Thursday, July 19, 12
Beware http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/sze_sineIllusion/index.html Thursday, July 19, 12
Beware http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/sze_sineIllusion/index.html Thursday, July 19, 12
Beware http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/sze_sineIllusion/index.html Thursday, July 19, 12
Ensure important comparisons are close Use position, then length/area, then chroma/luminance If possible, display comparisons directly Thursday, July 19, 12
3 Visual connections should reflect real connections Thursday, July 19, 12
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Beware ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● y ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● − 0.5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● − 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 x Thursday, July 19, 12
Beware ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● y ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● − 0.5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● − 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 x Thursday, July 19, 12
4 Beware of animation! Thursday, July 19, 12
4 Beware of animation! (Compare in space, not time) Thursday, July 19, 12
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