Europe and Asia Presentation 7 t h January 2013 Christina Limbourg - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Europe and Asia Presentation 7 t h January 2013 Christina Limbourg and Sebastian Scholl

2013 2

1 2 2.1 2.2 3 4 5 6

1 4

History o of J Japan’s i involvement i in As Asian r regionalism 2 2.1 1957 1960’s and 1970’s 1970’s onwards Private level initiatives. E.g. Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) 1977 Fukuda Doctrine, Prime Minister Fukuda Takeo: “Japan would not become a military power, Japan would establish relationships build upon mutual trust and Japan would partner with ASEAN and would support its efforts for peace and prosperity in Southeast Asia.” Despite these efforts, Japan’s direct role in Asian regionalism remained limited. 5

History o of J Japan’s i involvement i in As Asian r regionalism 2 2.2 6

History o of J Japan’s i involvement i in As Asian r regionalism 2 2.2 7

History o of J Japan’s i involvement i in As Asian r regionalism 2 2.2 8

History o of J Japan’s i involvement i in As Asian r regionalism 2 2.2 9

History o of J Japan’s i involvement i in As Asian r regionalism 2 2.2 10

3 fina nanc ncial a l and nd Economic c community reg region onwide de F FTA/EPA mo mone netary c y cooperation 11

3 Sc Scep epti tics s Enthu husiasts East Asia remains too Acknowledge that the pace pace will will be be slo low w and that the dependent on trans-Pacific focus will be on trade and finance. trade and financial ties to Process should NOT be abandoned because of value establish a separate economic differences. community. Potential for developing a common security interest as some nations face similar threats e.g. avian influenza. 12

3 13

4 It will be hard for Japan to find a national consensus and play an active community building role, if it cannot get the US to support its strategic approach on regionalism. 14

5 15

5 16

5 17

5 Deepening cultural relations my help in regional identity  building. De facto regionalisation should take priority of  industrialisation Asian community will differ to European community.  Japan hopes that the process will help alleviate anti-Japanese  sentiments in Asia. 18

5 Bilateralism Regionalism Multilateral ism Asian Community 19

6  What will newly elected Prime Minister Abe’s influence be on Japanese attitude towards an Asian Community?  How will the territorial disputes with China influence the building of an Asian Community?  How to walk the fine line between bilateralism and multilateralism given the new circumstances?  Does China even want to cooperate with Japan?  … 20

21

Green & Gill 2009 Chapter 8 The Strong in the World of the Weak Southeast Asia in Asia’s Regional Architecture 22

PART II: ASEAN’S PERSPECTIVE OF THE REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE Presen Pr esenta tati tion on ou outl tline  Introduction  Evolving Perspectives  Debates about Regional Architecture  The U.S. Role and U.S. Alliances  Conclusions: Principles and Prospects Comments a Commen ts and d discu scussi ssion on p poi oints ts    ✓✗  Things I didn’t understand  Discussion Points 23

INTRODUCTION I  Southeast Asia: influential in region despite small  ASEAN: “Asia’s first viable multilateral organisation concerned with security”- adopted by other regions “What explains ASEAN’s influence and leadership over Asian Institutions?”  International-relations theory Re Realist approach International institutions=marginal force in world politics; only viable if backed up by powerful nations  ASEAN= group of weak and small powers, i.e. limited  Ability to attract & influence large powers questionable 24

INTRODUCTION II Eclect Ecle ctic appr ic approac oach h Combines realism, liberalism and constructivism  Soft realism: individual ASEAN members vs. collective power  Why don’t powerful nations take over?  Constructivism: Importance of hanging together  Regionalist norms, identity and socialisation processes  Culture and identity fairly similar*  Interaction and socialisation in combat against communism  Conflict management (Cambodia 1980s)  Image building, “soft power” acquirement and relative credibility in the region – limited threat?? More legitimate?? 25

EVOLVING PERSPECTIVES I  Historically: Asia not big in institution building  Post-WWII: shifting… Pan-Asian… Afro-Asian… sub-regional… trans-Pacific… East Asian  Complementary  Early stages of Asian regionalism Time period Driving countries/events Driving force late 1940s India* Pan-Asian sentiment SEA limited*; no clear separation Regionalism vs. nationalism between South Asia and SEA Sovereignty 1950s Asia-Africa Conference in Bandung, Non-intervention Indonesia* --- SEA: worried about being dominated by Asian powers SEA=Southeast Asia 26

EVOLVING PERSPECTIVES II  China & India not acceptable as leaders  Japan recovering & not economic power yet  SEA took the lead 1950s SEATO: Southeast Asia Treaty Prevent the spread of communism Organisation Defence mechanism 1966 Asia and Pacific Council (Japan & Alternative to SEATO? Australia) 1967 ASEAN 5* Alternative to SEATO “indigenous” Asian forum, no dominating powers  ASEAN: focus on domestic stability and economic growth  Highpoint: tackling Vietnam’s occupation of Cambodia in the 1980s* 27

EVOLVING PERSPECTIVES III 1984 SAARC: South Asian Association for Regional Using ASEAN model* Cooperation 1989 APEC: Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Soft institutionalism* 1994 ARF: ASEAN Regional Forum 1997 Asian financial crisis … shift to East Asian regionalism… 1997 APT: ASEAN plus 3 (China, South Korea, Japan)* 2005 EAS: East Asian Summit Aim: creating an East Asian Community  ASEAN: centre stage  Slow progress of regional institutions (e.g. ARF)… weak leadership? 28

EVOLVING PERSPECTIVES IV  Agreements vs. disagreements  End of Cold War seen as turning point: security dialogue with “non-Asian” countries also acceptable Disagre Disagreeme ment nts s Reasons Re Cold W War p period STP: US military presence, strategic • Sing Thai Phil: inclusive regionalism access to their territory • Ind Mal: more exclusionary regionalism Necessity, p pace a and s scope o of e economic Question of who benefits from int integrat ration ion economic integration • Singapore’s neighbours • Rising gap post-expansion in 1990s* Post C Cold W War p period • Military base questions less Necessity and scope of collective regional important action: peacekeeping, human rights, • Role of Burma democracy 29

EVOLVING PERSPECTIVES V  End of Cold War seen as turning point: security dialogue with “non-Asian” countries also acceptable  However… APEC & ARF largely seen as failures: --- Role of the 1997 Asian financial crisis Current issues reflect both domestic and external challenges Interventionism Greater institutionalisation and legalisation Potential of security and economic communities Establishment of an ASEAN charter ASEAN’s role in East Asian regionalism: challenging ASEAN’s identity and centrality 30

DEBATES ABOUT REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE I  Southeast Asian regionalism seen as necessary and inevitable  Survival of small states  Reduction of intra-regional tension  Means of expressing SEA identity  Two main points of debate: 1. Direction of ASEAN (including the need for reform and reinvention) 2. Role of ASEAN in the establishment of broader regional frameworks 31

DEBATES ABOUT REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE II 1) Direction of ASEAN (including the need for reform and reinvention)  Post-1997: issue of non-intervention…: Thailand “Flexible engagement”  Tackling domestic issues that may have an impact on the wider region  Indonesia and Singapore objected since the proposition was too vague Indonesia “ASEAN security committee”  Shift of Indonesia to reformist side*  Including human rights and democracy as potential ASEAN norms  Burma and Vietnam main opposition Singapore “ASEAN economic community” Singapore: interested both in sovereignty and economic integration  Creation of a near borderless regional economy  Further institutionalisation and legalisation*  Reason for these debates: democratic transition & emerging competition 32

DEBATES ABOUT REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE III Role of ASEAN in the establishment of broader regional frameworks  Which countries should be part of Asian regionalism? Narrow view Malaysia, Limited to ASEAN+3 China • Malaysia: reaction to emergence of trade blocs in Europe and North America in the 1990s and the stalling of the GATT • Post-1997: new legitimacy amongst ASEAN and Japan, formation of APT Open view Singapore, Evolving regional norms and practices Indonesia, • Norms of open regionalism and cooperative security Japan • Role of strategic position, linked to US involvement 33