International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) www.atree.org • Recognized as a Center for Excellence in Conservation Sciences • MISSION - “ Promote socially just conservation and sustainable development”
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Burma Sundaland Indo- Himalayas Western Ghats
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Eastern Himalayas
Response of agro-pastoral indigenous communities to International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 the cascading effects of climate change-studies from Sikkim, Eastern Himalayas, India Tenzing Ingty ATREE
INTRODUCTION International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Climate Change and the Himalayas • Increased by 1.5° C and annual precipitation by 163mm between 1982 and 2006 • Lack of baseline data
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 INTRODUCTION Climate change and Indigenous peoples • Indigenous people canary in the coal mine. • SCALE Climate change and human responses • TEK can be used as long term baseline datasets developed over years of trial and error
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 STUDY SITE
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 STUDY SITE
O D International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 A K P 3800 m 7000 m amsl to about amsl
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 H N A A C P E L to about 2000m 3800m amsl amsl
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Migratory route of Dokpas Migratory route of Lachenpas Summer Migration Summer Migration Winter migration Winter migration
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Rhododendron anthopogon Aromatic Arisaema griffithii Edible Mecanopsis Medicinal horridula
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Dependency on livestock products Making yak fur carpets and Dokpa Making man preparing the yak tail for selling yak hard sale butter cheese for sale
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 The Dzumsa • Annually elected body • 12 village representatives ⁻ 2 Pipons (headmen) ⁻ 6 Gembos (advisors) ⁻ 2 Tsipos (accountants) ⁻ 2 Gyapons (messengers)
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Dzumsa Sowing and harvesting Dates for fodder Dates for dates ; selection of collection migration crops Provides equal 1.Based on TEK Allows pasture opportunity for potentially higher yield re-growth over a putting up and productivity season 2. Co-ordinates their winter community’s effort to reserves protect crops from freely roaming livestock
METHODS International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) • Focus Group Discussions -[n]=6 • Participatory and non participatory observations • Semi structured questionnaires [n]=44 - Lachenpas-35(around 15%) of 227 - Dokpas- 9 (60%) of 15
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 METHODS Semi structured questionnaires: 1. Observations 2. Perception 3. Implication 4. Impacts on their lives and livelihoods
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 METHODS • Certain precaution is necessary in conducting perception studies. - Sampling errors - Non-sampling errors and biases • To minimize biases ₋ The sample was drawn randomly ₋ The questions were framed in a way that it would not lead respondents to certain presumption or biases. ₋ Perceptions collected through household surveys were verified through focus group discussions and key informant surveys.
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION • Overall warmth • Less snow • Water sources drying out Early summer • Shift in seasons 120 100 Late monsoon 120 80 100 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lachenpa Dokpa
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Lachenpa Dokpa RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Lachenpa Dokpa RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Lachenpa Dokpa RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 • Before flowered in Late April-May Rhododendron arboreum • Nowadays flowers in March
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Lachenpa Dokpa RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Thinner ice “Thinner ice makes crossing frozen streams more dangerous nowadays”
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Reasons for observed changes Dokpa 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Lachenpa 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Reasons for observed changes Dokpa 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Lachenpa 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Impacts on grazing pastures
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Impacts on Impacts on agriculture and the grazing pastures response and the response Dzumsa Dzumsa Lachen-9000ft (amsl) 1. Slaughter or sale Maize, cabbages, of sheep banned for pumpkins three years. Thangu (12,500 ft amsl) 2. Prayer flags believed Carrots to decrease snowfall have been banned. Gochung-(14500 ft amsl) potatoes
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Impacts on religious sentiments “The Mountain’s have been reduced to old balding men, with just a few white hairs (snow cover) left at the top. We worshipped the mighty snow clad mountains, alas our God, our culture is threatened”
CONCLUSION International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 • The results of our study confirm certain climate change indicators • Results conform to numerous scientific findings from around the world, further suggesting the method’s and results’ scientific credibility • Traditional knowledge- important sources of information • HOLISTIC APPROACH- Integration and feedback loops.
CONCLUSION International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Flora of British Himalayan Journals Notes India by Sir J.D. Traditional of Naturalist by Hooker 1850- Ecological Sir J.D. Hooker- 1850 A.D 1872 A.D. Knowledge
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 4500- 5500 m amsl 3500- 4500 m amsl 2500-3500m amsl
International Conference on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Food and Environmental Security 2012 Gentiana ornata Previous maximum range size: 4500m Located at 5212m Rheum nobile Previous maximum range size: 4500m Bistorts Located at 4784 m macrophylla Previous Primula primulina maximum range Previous size: 4500m maximum range Located at 4724m size 4500m Located at 4824 m
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