Electric Vehicles By Kody Baker, P.Eng, and John A Foster, P.Eng October 25, 2013
Outline ● Introductions (John, Kody, Presentation) ● Growth ○ vehicles now, future, battery tech ● Charging standards, incentives, regulations ● Grid Impact ○ v2G Lite ● Cradle to Grave lifecycle analysis ○ Carbon footprint for BC and elsewhere ○ Trip and usage analysis ● Q&A
Introductions ● Kody: Has managed EV projects with REV Technologies and now Perkuna Engineering. ○ Military Microgrid w/ V2G, Airport GSE, Mining... ● John: Produced Neighbourhood EV’s at Dynasty Electric Car, now with ClearLead Consulting; ○ Energy DSM for Buildings, Marine, EV
Introduction ● What is an EV? ○ Not a hybrid! BEV - Battery Electric Vehicle ○ Well, maybe. PHEV - Plug-in Hybrid EV ○ 2 wheels, 4 wheels … 100 wheels ● Why EV’s?
1st Age of EVs
2nd Age of EVs (1990-2005)
3rd Age of EVs (2008+)
The 2nd to 3rd Age of EVs GM EV1 (1997) Nissan Leaf Tesla Model S (2008) (2012) Battery Type Lead Acid & NiMH Lithium-Ion Lithium-Ion Battery Size 16.5 kWh 24 kWh 85 kWh Range 100 km 150 km 430 km Charging Proprietary J1772 L2 & Proprietary, with Standard CHAdeMO adapters available Charging Power 1 kW 6.6 kW 90 kW Price $35k $28k+ $65k+
Status Quo
Growth - Near Future ● New entrants: BMW, Audi, Toyota, Volvo … ● Cumulative EV Sales (as of July, 2013): ○ BC: 655 ○ Canada: 4,543 ○ USA: 140,955 ● Annual sales of PEVs in 2022 projected: ○ BC: 33,200 ○ Canada: 230,479 ○ USA: 416,153 (Navigant Research forecast 3Q 2013)
Battery Tech
Charging standards J1772 L2 J1772 L3 CHAdeMO Tesla (AC | DC) Voltage 240 VAC 200-600 VDC Up to 500 VDC 240 VAC | 400 VDC Max Current 80 A 400 A 125 A 84 A | 300 A Max Power 19.2 kW 240 kW 62.5 kW 20kW | 120 kW Typical Power 4.8 - 6.6 kW N/A 44 kW 10 kW | 90 kW
Incentives BC EV Incentives: ● Organized by the BC Clean Energy Vehicle Program (www.cevforbc.ca) ● Available until March 31, 2014 ● $5000 incentive towards vehicles ● $500 incentive towards home EVSE Also available: $4500 for MURB EVSEs
Previous Incentives ● $2.7 million Community Charging Infrastructure Fund ● Results: 456 Level 2 EVSEs installed across BC
Regulations: MURB Charging MURB=Multi-Unit Residential Buildings (apartments) Current regulations: BC Electric Code: each EV circuit rated as continuous Extremely costly to retrofit for many EV’s Future: could load-share by wireless New buildings in Vancouver: 20% of stalls must have receptacles (L1) + space in electrical room for 100%
Grid Impact Generation demand ● Demand: Mostly at night ● Distribution: Local clusters ● Capacity: 15% increase if all cars → EV’s
Grid Impact - V2G ● Can improve the efficiency, stability, and reliability of a grid ● A V2G-capable vehicle offers reactive power support, active power regulation, tracking of variable renewable energy sources, load balancing, and current harmonic filtering. ● These technologies can enable ancillary services, such as voltage and frequency control and spinning reserve.
Carbon footprint for BC
Cradle to Grave lifecycle analysis What do we want: 10% or 10X? 10% increment or factor of 10 improvement?
Car Carbon in BC: EV vs ICE Life Cycle CO2: EV Car: 16 Tonnes (Hydro power) vs Escalade: 163 Tonnes Factor of 10x! Sounds great! … but this is only in the most extreme case
Car Carbon Lifecycle: EV vs ICE GHG ENERGY Outside BC - coal fired EV’s: ~ 10% better than ICE? (Colorado; 67% coal, 23% NG) → EV cars do not make any appreciable difference to Climate Change … without a shift to renewables
Effects of Occupancy and Speed
Cradle to Grave lifecycle analysis Electric mobility choice: ● EV cars: only 10% improvement ● EV transit and eBikes: Factor of 10 improvement ● Locking in to EV cars prevents 2) ● Hyperloop: > 10x?
eBikes Bicycle: 10x to 100x less energy than car Hydro electricity + LiIon batteries takes 4 times less energy than human pedalling! due to energy in food processing and transportation (local organic diet is about on par with hydro electric) Lemire-Elmore, Justin. (2004). “The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles.” (Includes battery embedded energy.)
Trip and Usage Analysis ● Median commute distance in BC: 6.5 km ● Average commute time in BC: 23.4 min. ● 93.4% of all BC commutes under 60 minutes
Key Takeaways
- Questions - APEGBC DEERE (Division of Efficiency and Renewable Energy) How to get involved: http://www.apeg.bc.ca/services/divisions/deere/index.html
Contact Info Kody Baker, P.Eng kbaker@perkuna.com John Foster, P.Eng john@clearlead.ca
References http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1087416_plug-in-electric-car-sales-in-canada-sep-2013-volt-repeat http://www.livesmartbc.ca/learn/emissions.html Barry Saxifrage: http://www.vancouverobserver.com/blogs/climatesnapshot/do-electric-cars-cause-more-or-less-climate-pollution- gasoline-cars-take-look?page=0,1 O’Regan, Moles, Jakeman, and Walsh “Comparison of CO2 emissions associated with motorized transport modes and cycling in Ireland.” Lemire-Elmore, Justin. (2004). “The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles.” http://www.ebikes.ca/sustainability/Ebike_Energy.pdf Mike Salisbury, Southwest Energy Efficiency Project Feb 2013 "Transportation Fuels for Colorado's Future" Jonn AXSEN* and Kenneth S. KURANI 2011, “Interpersonal influence within car buyers’ social networks” http://swenergy.org/publications/documents/Transportation_Fuels_for_Colorado_Feb_2013.pdf Patrick Condon, Eric Doherty, Kari Dow, Marc Lee and Gordon Price, April 2011 “Building Complete Communities and a Zero- Emission Transportation System in BC” http://ecoplanning.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/CCPA-BC_Transportation.pdf http://www.teslamotors.com/blog/hyperloop Guy Impey 2013 “Electric Vehicle Charging – Impact Review for Multi-User Residential Buildings in British Columbia“ http://sustain.ubc.ca/courses-teaching/seeds/seeds-library
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