Slide 1 / 75 Slide 2 / 75 6 th Grade PSI Earth's Materials and Systems Part I : The History of Planet Earth www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 75 Slide 4 / 75 Table of Contents: The History of Planet Earth Click on the topic to go to that section · Earth's Layers Earth's Layers · Three Types of Rocks · Early Life on Earth / Fossils · Rock Strata Return to Table of Contents Slide 5 / 75 Slide 6 / 75 The Makeup of Earth Review Earth is a "terrestrial" or rocky planet. This means that it is made As Earth grew larger, its gravity up of rocks and minerals. increased. The rocks and minerals that now Pressure beneath Earth's make up our Earth were once just surface caused changes to the small chunks revolving around our Earth's makeup. sun. Over billions of years, they combined to form the planet we live Distinct layers began to form. on today. Do you remember any of the names of the layers? What are the other rocky planets in our solar system? Brainstorm with your table.
Slide 7 / 75 Slide 8 / 75 The Layers of Earth Earth's Crust Our Earth is divided into four major layers: Think of the crust of Earth as the crust of a pizza pie. Crust Mantle Inner Outer Core Core The crust is the outermost layer of Earth, just like the crust above is the outermost layer of the pizza! Slide 9 / 75 Slide 10 / 75 Earth's Crust Earth's Mantle There are 2 parts to the crust. One is the land. What is the other part? The next layer down is the mantle. This is the largest layer - about 1,800 miles thick! This section is very thin compared to other layers of Earth (between 5 and 25 miles thick) and it is very hard and The mantle is made up of incredibly hot, rigid. semisolid rock (basically think of rock in a form sort of like pudding). The crust is composed of plates that slide around on top of the section below it. This layer makes up about 2/3 of Earth's mass. This portion is called the lithosphere . Slide 11 / 75 Slide 12 / 75 1 Which best describes the lithosphere? 2 What is true of the mantle? A The part of the atmosphere which we breathe. A It is the thickest layer of Earth. B The layer of Earth that makes up the greatest B It is the top layer of Earth. Answer mass. Answer C It is entirely made of liquid. C A layer of Earth that is made of a jello-like D It is the least massive portion of Earth. substance. D The plates of Earth that slide around the surface.
Slide 13 / 75 Slide 14 / 75 3 The mantle is composed of Earth's land and oceans. 4 Choose the correct order of Earth's layers from outermost to most inner. True A mantle, crust, inner core, outer core False Answer B inner core, outer core, crust, mantle Answer C inner core, outer core, mantle, crust D crust, mantle, outer core, inner core Slide 15 / 75 Slide 16 / 75 Earth's Inner Core Earth's Outer Core At the very center of Earth, you will find the Inner Core. The Outer Core is so hot that it is entirely liquid. It is the only liquid layer of Earth. Like the Outer Core, this layer is also extremely hot and is made of nickel It is made up of mainly nickel and and iron. iron. Although the temperature is higher, the To give you an idea of how hot it is, nickel nickel and iron here are in solid form becomes a liquid at 2,650 degrees F and because of the intense pressure that this iron melts at 2,800 degrees F! layer experiences. What temperature does ice melt at? Slide 17 / 75 Slide 18 / 75 6 Which is the oldest layer of Earth? 5 What separates the Inner and Outer Core? The Inner Core is made of liquid; the Outer Core is A crust A solid. B mantle The Outer Core is hotter than the Inner Core. B Answer C outer core The Inner Core is solid; the Outer Core is Answer C liquid. D inner core The Outer Core is under more pressure than D the Inner Core.
Slide 19 / 75 Slide 20 / 75 Size of Earth's Layers Three Types of Rocks Return to Table of Contents Slide 21 / 75 Slide 22 / 75 Three Types of Rocks Formation of Rocks How a rock forms depends on what type of rock it is. There are three types of rocks: The layers of Earth are constantly moving and changing due to intense heat and pressure. Sedimentary The energy of this heat and pressure results in the formation of Answer rocks. Click on the rock type to see an But what exactly is a example. rock ? Metamorphic With your table, come up with some characteristics of rocks. Igneous Slide 23 / 75 Slide 24 / 75 How Do Rocks Form? The three types of rocks on the previous page each form in different ways. The animation on the next slide will introduce you to the process behind the transformation of rocks from one type to another - a process known as the rock cycle . Answer the questions on the accompanying worksheet while watching the animation.
Slide 25 / 75 Slide 26 / 75 7 Which of the following is not a type of rock? Sedimentary Rock "Sediments" are small fragments of rock. Metamorphic A To form Sedimentary rock, these fragments combine together. Answer Glacier B Igneous C Sedimentary D These rocks are typically multi-colored with many different textures. Slide 27 / 75 Slide 28 / 75 Types of Igneous Rock Igneous Rock There are two types of igneous rock. "Igneous" has the same root word as "ignite." What does ignite mean? "Intrusive" igneous rock is still in side Earth. Igneous rocks form when magma, which we can think of as "liquid fire," cools down. "Extrusive" igneous rock has ex ited Earth. These rocks are typically dark, very shiny, and made up of crystals. Slide 29 / 75 Slide 30 / 75 Metamorphic Rock Metamorphosis A "Metamorphosis" is when something changes into something new. Just like the frog, metamorphic rock is formed when another one type of rock changes into a new type of rock. You have learned about a few organisms which undergo metamorphosis in your science classes over the years. At your table, talk for a few minutes about the 2 organisms below and Metamorphic rock forms when the metamorphosis they undergo during their lives. another type of rock changes its chemical makeup because of heat and pressure. These rocks are typically made up of layers that formed as the rock was squashed under pressure.
Slide 31 / 75 Slide 32 / 75 8 Which type of rock is made up of pieces of other 9 Which type of rock is formed of magma below the rocks? surface of Earth? Metamorphic Metamorphic A A Extrusive Igneous Extrusive Igneous B B Answer Answer Intrusive Igneous Intrusive Igneous C C Sedimentary Sedimentary D D Slide 33 / 75 Slide 34 / 75 10 Which type of rock is formed when other rocks 11 Which type of rock is formed from magma cooling undergo a transformation due to heat or on Earth's surface? pressure? Metamorphic A Metamorphic A Extrusive Igneous B Answer Answer Extrusive Igneous B Intrusive Igneous C Intrusive Igneous C Sedimentary D Sedimentary D Slide 35 / 75 Slide 36 / 75 12 This is an example of ________ rock. 13 This is an example of ________ rock. A Sedimentary A Sedimentary B Igneous B Igneous Answer Answer C Metamorphic C Metamorphic
Slide 37 / 75 Slide 38 / 75 14 This is an example of ________ rock. 15 This is an example of ________ rock. A Sedimentary A Sedimentary B Igneous B Igneous Answer Answer C Metamorphic C Metamorphic Slide 39 / 75 Slide 40 / 75 The Age of Earth Scientists estimate that the Earth Early Life on Earth / formed around 4.6 billion years ago. Fossils We can learn about the history of Earth by studying rocks and fossils. Return to Table of Contents Slide 41 / 75 Slide 42 / 75 First Life on Earth Prokaryotes There is evidence within the rocks on Earth that suggests that life The first cells that existed on Earth were closely related to first appeared on Earth about 3.6 billion years ago. prokaryotes . These are cells that do not have a nucleus. Most prokaryotes are single-celled organisms. bacteria Why were the first organisms on Earth very simple? The image above is of stromatolites , the oldest fossils on record. What is a more common name for prokaryotes? They provide us with evidence of very simple life forms like bacteria Move the image once you come up with an idea. as long as 3.5 billion years ago.
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