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E3 E3T Energy Efficiency Emerging Technologies HVAC Technologies in Multifamily Buildings Jonathan Heller Ecotope Dan Auer King County Housing Authority Emerging Technologies Showcase September 14, 2016 GoToWebinar Logistics

  1. E3 E3T Energy Efficiency Emerging Technologies HVAC Technologies in Multifamily Buildings Jonathan Heller Ecotope Dan Auer King County Housing Authority Emerging Technologies Showcase September 14, 2016

  2. GoToWebinar Logistics • Minimize or maximize control panel • Phone lines are muted • Please use question pane to ask questions at any time, or if you have any technical issues NOTE: Today’s presentation is being recorded and will be available at http://e3tnw.org/Webinars E3T E3 Energy Efficiency Emerging Technologies 2

  3. Multifamily HVAC: Heat Pump Technologies Jonathan Heller Sep 14, 2016

  4. Range of Multifamily

  5. The Future?

  6. Woody Walk-up

  7. Woody Walk-up: Western WA EUI ~ 36kBtu/SF/yr 10 12 Domestic Hot Water Lights and Plug Load Apartment Heat 14

  8. Midrise

  9. Seattle Mid-rise Baseline: EUI ~ 40kBtu/SF/yr 5 10 Domestic Hot Water 5 Apt Lights and Plugs Common Electric Apartment Heat Common Space Heat 10 10

  10. Variable Speed Inverter Heat Pump

  11. Outdoor Heat Pumps

  12. Indoor Ducted Units

  13. Design Considerations 1.Fan noise – remote from sleeping areas 2.Maintenance access – filters. Mechanical closet or access panels. 3.Ducting – dropped ceilings or soffits. Keep all ducts inside heated envelope. 4.High cost for equipment, installation, architectural integration ($10-15K). 5.VRF vs. Single-zone. Where line length or space restrictions apply.

  14. Fan Coil Energy Use (Fan Watts for delivery of 8000 Btuh cooling) 180 160 140 120 Watts 100 165 80 60 120 96 85 40 20 8 15 15 0 PSC Fan ECM Fan VRF Wall VRF VRF Floor VRF Low VRF Coil Coil Cassette Ceiling Cassette Profile Medium Cassette Ducted Static Ducted Fan Coil Type

  15. Reasons to use Ducted vs. Ductless 1. Large multi-room spaces that can not be adequately served from a single ductless heat pump location 2. Aesthetics – architect/owner does not like the look of ductless heat pumps

  16. Ductless Heat Pumps (DHP)

  17. Midrise Integration of DHPs

  18. Refrigerant Line Routing

  19. Savings: 1/3 of What? 1980s 2-Bedroom Garden-style in Tri- Cities with electric heat and window air- conditioners (~2500kWh/yr heating) vs. 2016 Apartment in mid-rise in Seattle with electric heat and no cooling. (Studio ~500kWh/yr, 1-Bed ~1000kWh/yr 2-Bed ~1500kWh/yr)

  20. Cooling Energy Take-Back

  21. Are They Ugly?

  22. Like This Better?

  23. How About This?

  24. Packaged Terminal Heat Pumps (PTHP)

  25. Emerging Technology: Inverter Packaged Heat Pump (IPHP)

  26. Façade Integration

  27. Summary Ducted Ductless IPHP Energy Savings 30% 33% 20% Aesthetics, Cooling, Cooling, Quiet, Ease of Cooling, Balancing, Integration, Simple, Non-Energy Benefits Higher Rent Higher Rent Quieter? Technology Readiness Fair Excellent ? Ease of Adoption Low High High Cost $10-15K $3-8K $1-2K Value Poor-Fair Fair-Good Unknown

  28. Needed Research Areas Metering or Billing Analysis of DHPs in multifamily. • How much do they save? • Quantify heating and cooling effects. Lab testing of IPHPs. • How noisy are they? • Low Temperature performance. • Part Load/ Seasonal Performance. • Controls options. Pilot Field Test of IPHPs • Aesthetics issues. • Integration issues. • Tenant acceptance. • Measurement of savings.

  29. HRV and ERVs in Retrofit Multifamily Weatherization Dan Auer King County Housing Authority September 14, 2016 E3 E3T E3 E3T Energy Energy Efficiency Efficiency Emerging Technologies Emerging Technologies

  30. Low income weatherization • King County Housing Authority • Focus on small multifamily buildings, garden style, with individual entrances • Weatherization protocol: • Comply with ASHRAE 62.2 ventilation standards • Test in – test out • Evaluate Energy conservation measures with DOE approved energy simulation software, trued up with actual billing history E3 E3T Energy Efficiency Emerging Technologies

  31. Retrofit economics • Existing fan 60 watts • Run time 10 minutes per day (The curse of multifamily property managers) • New fan, 15 watts – Run time 8 hours per day Utility rebates are typically for the fan motor efficiency. This is undeveloped program territory for most utility programs E3 E3T Energy Efficiency Emerging Technologies

  32. Retrofit economics Cost Sheet Fan energy (watts) 15 Cost/kWh $0.090 Run hrs/day 24 Climate HDD 5000 Est annual on time % 100% kWh/CFM 46 Energy (kWh) Cost Fan operation 131 $12 Make up air 1,150 $104 Total 1,281 $115 Exhaust only ventilation costs; make up air is the energy penalty E3T E3 Energy Efficiency Emerging Technologies

  33. Energy analysis of retrofitting exhaust only system to ERV Cost effective!

  34. In the Past  Located in mechanical room, usually a HRV  Out of sight - out of mind  Never maintained, abandoned E3 E3T Energy Efficiency Emerging Technologies

  35. Today • Located in the living room ceiling, not out of sight • ERVs require no plumbing • Inexpensive to install with the positive attributes • Fresh filtered air, lower utility bills • Trained maintenance staff • Mandated maintenance schedule

  39. Smaller ERVs for Apartments • A developed product that has been on the market for a few years. It has not been implemented in a lot of programs but recent market activity suggests it is ready for attention • The energy efficiency is unique to energy recovery systems and could be better developed. I do not believe there is a Energy Star certification for ERVs. • Apartments suffer from a poor indoor air quality. Exhaust only systems bring contaminants from neighbors ERVs bring fresh air into the apartments, the effect is profound. • The product is technically sound. Works well, and needs maintenance. • There needs to be a road map developed to implementation. There are some ready partners including: • Puget Sound Energy and their Multifamily Air sealing Program; contact Mac Snow at 425-424-6798 • Building Performance Center in Bellingham training multifamily energy auditors to recognize opportunities for installation, call John Davies at 360- 734-5121 X103 • Housing Authorities across the Pacific Northwest.

  40. New Technologies

  41. Questions? Jonathan Heller President Ecotope 206-596-4704 jonathan@ecotope.com Dan Auer Project Manager, Multifamily Weatherization King County Housing Authority 206-214-1246 dana@kcha.org E3T E3 Energy Efficiency Emerging Technologies 41

  42. Upcoming Showcase Webinars Controls in Multifamily Buildings – September 22, 2016 Register at: https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/4533610074900203266 CO2 Heat Pump Update – September 27, 2016 Registration available soon Webinar information and registration at www.e3tnw.org/webinars Join our email list at subscribe-e3tnw@listserv.energy.wsu.edu Thank you for attending our E3T Showcase Webinar! E3T E3 Energy Efficiency Emerging Technologies 42

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