Dr. Julian Berengut SSP2012, Groningen 20 June 2012 Motivation Do - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Dr. Julian Berengut SSP2012, Groningen 20 June 2012

Motivation Do the laws of physics change over space-time? Do the fundamental constants change? ¤ Around 25 dimensionless “fundamental constants”: Coupling constants, dimensionless mass ratios, mixing angles. e.g. ¤ ...plus some for General Relativity and Cosmology.... ¤ Cannot be predicted by theory and must be measured. ¤ ∴ Should not assume constancy or homogeneity.

Light from Distant Quasars ∆α ¡< ¡0 Δ 𝛽 <0 ¡ ¡ Negative-shifted Spectra ∆α ¡= ¡0 Δ 𝛽 =0 ¡ ¡ Lab-Observed Spectra ∆α ¡> ¡0 Δ 𝛽 >0 ¡ ¡ Positive-shifted Spectra

α -variation from quasar absorption spectra Webb, King, Murphy, Flambaum et al., PRL 107, 191101 (2011); King et al. MNRAS 422, 3370 (2012)

Generated α -dipole data

Terrestrial α -variation Berengut & Flambaum, EPL 97, 20006 (2012)

α-­‑ sensitivity of single-electron transitions Hydrogen-like ions Relativistic corrections

α-­‑ sensitivity of single-electron transitions Stronger relativistic effects in heavier atoms s-wave Effective principal quantum number

Optical atomic clocks ¤ Required limit : ¤ Best current limit (Hg + vs Al + ) : Rosenband et al., Science 319, 1808 (2008) ¤ Hg + clock : Dzuba, Flambaum, Webb, PRL 82, 888 (1999); Dzuba & Flambaum, PRA 77, 012515 (2008)

Optical atomic clocks ¤ Required limit : ¤ Best current limit (Hg + vs Al + ) : Rosenband et al., Science 319, 1808 (2008) ¤ Hg + clock : Dzuba, Flambaum, Webb, PRL 82, 888 (1999); Dzuba & Flambaum, PRA 77, 012515 (2008)

Clock q-values (cm -1 ) 60000 52000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 1600 0 Fe+ Hg+ Fe + Hg + Fe Hg

Where to find two orders of magnitude?

Relative enhancement : Dy clock Dzuba, Flambaum, Webb, PRL 82, 888 (1999); Dzuba & Flambaum, PRA 77, 012515 (2008)

Relative enhancement : Dy clock Problem : natural linewidths are not small Cingöz et al., PRL 98, 040801 (2007)

Absolute Enhancement

Absolute Enhancement

Ag isoelectronic sequence

Ag isoelectronic sequence Pm 14+ Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, PRL 105, 120801 (2010)

Ag isoelectronic sequence Pm 14+ Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, PRL 105, 120801 (2010)

Clock q-values (cm -1 ) 300000 260,000 250000 200000 150000 100000 52,000 50000 1600 0 Fe+ Fe + Hg+ Hg + Sm14+ Sm 14+ 14+ Fe Hg Sm Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, PRL 105, 120801 (2010)

Holes in highly charged ions ¤ Use highly charged ions ¤ Electrons in filled shells have maximal I n ¤ Electron spends half time closer to nucleus than other electrons in the same shell 70 85 Z ¤ Use holes in otherwise filled shells Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, PRL 106, 210802 (2011)

Holes in highly charged ions ¤ Use highly charged ions ¤ Electrons in filled shells have maximal I n ¤ Electron spends half time closer to nucleus than other electrons in the same shell 70 85 Z ¤ Use holes in otherwise filled shells Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, PRL 106, 210802 (2011)

Sm isoelectronic sequence Ir 15+ Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, PRL 106, 210802 (2011)

Sm isoelectronic sequence Ir 15+ Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, PRL 106, 210802 (2011)

Clock q-values (cm -1 ) 800000 730,000 700000 600000 500000 400000 260,000 300000 200000 52,000 100000 1600 0 Fe+ Fe + Hg+ Hg + Sm14+ Sm 14+ 14+ Ir17+ Ir 17+ 17+ Fe Hg Sm Ir Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, PRL 106, 210802 (2011)

Holes in highly charged ions : Ir 17+ Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, PRL 106, 210802 (2011)

Finding optical transitions in highly charged ions Periodic Table Filling Coulomb Filling 1s 1s 2s 2s 2p 2p 3s 3s 3p 3p 4s 3d 3d 4s 4p 4p 5s 4d 4d 4f 5p 5s 6s 5p 4f 5d 5d 5f 6p 6s 7s 6p 5f 6d 6d 6f 7s

Finding optical transitions in highly charged ions

Tl isoelectronic sequence Cf 17+ Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, arXiv: 1204.0603 (2012)

Tl isoelectronic sequence Cf 17+ Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, arXiv: 1204.0603 (2012)

Clock q-values (cm -1 ) 1400000 1,200,000 1200000 1000000 730,000 800000 600000 400000 260,000 200000 52,000 1600 0 Fe+ Fe + Hg+ Hg + Sm14+ Sm 14+ 14+ Ir17+ Ir 17+ 17+ Cf16+ Cf 16+ 16+ Fe Hg Sm Ir Cf Berengut, Dzuba, Flambaum, Ong, arXiv: 1204.0603 (2012)

HCI Clock Scaling Laws and Systematics ~ 1/( Z ion +1) 4 ¤ 2 nd order Stark shift ~ 1/( Z ion +1) 4 ¤ Blackbody shift ~ suppressed as 1/ Δ E ¤ 2 nd order Zeeman shift ~ 1/( Z ion +1) 2 ¤ Electric quadrupole shift ~ Z 2 ( Z ion +1) 2 / ν 3 ¤ Fine-structure ~ Z ( Z ion +1) 2 / ν 3 ¤ Hyperfine A coefficient

Thank you Collaborators: Victor Flambaum, Vladimir Dzuba, Andrew Ong, Samuel Bladwell, Lisa Kava, Mikhail Kozlov, Sergey Porsev, Vladimir Dmitriev, John Webb, Julian King, Michael Murphy, Steve Curran, Elliot Koch