How does data impact policy? Dr. Jennifer Zwicker
HOW DOES DATA IMPACT POLICY? Policy/clinical impact Evaluation Intervention research and clinical application Needs assessment
DATA AND NEEDS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
NEEDS ASSESSMENT INFORMS RESEARCH AND POLICY Halfon 2013 Maternal and Child Health Journal • Lifecourse health development trajectories • Impact of various risk, promoting and protective factors on health development • Longitudinal population data to understand needs
DEMOGRAPHICS female male Average Age 60 44.3 50 60.5 68.3 40 30 20 55.7 39.5 31.7 10 0 A NY DI S A BI LI T Y DE VE LOP ME NT A L A UT I S M S P E C T RUM Any Disability Developmental Autism Spectrum DI S A BI LI T Y DI S ORDE R Disability Disorder 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 Totals for ASD & DD 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 15 to 24 25 to 54 55 to 64 65 + Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Developmental Disability (DD)
DESCRIBING UNMET NEEDS FOR PERSONS WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY Findings from the Canadian Return on investm ent in hum an Survey on Disability, 20 17 capital according to age Persons with ASD aged 15-64 Education outcomes • 31% did not complete high school • 27% completed high school • 42% completed post secondary Average total income $9700 •
Stephanie Dunn and Jennifer Zwicker POPULATION DATA IN CANADA National data is inadequate for children and youth with disabilities
FOCUS ON LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION AND EMPLOYMENT
LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 National Averages 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 2012 CSD 0.00 Labour force participation Employed Unemployed Any Disability Developmental Disability Autism Spectrum Disorder
BARRIERS TO EMPLOYMENT FOR THOSE NOT IN THE LABOUR FORCE Any Developmental ASD disability Disability Expected Income < Current Income Experienced Discrimination >1% & <10% >10% Family Responsibilities Health Condition Loose Additional Support Lack Special Transportation Lack Training No Jobs Available Past Attempts Unsuccessful
ACCOMMODATIONS REQUIRED FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITY Autism Developmental Spectrum Any Disability Disability Disorder Modified Duties >1% & <10% >10% Working from Home NA Modified Work Hours Human Support Technical Aids Special Computer Software Communication Aids Modified Workstation Chair with Back Support
TOP INDUSTRY SECTORS FOR EMPLOYMENT FOR PERSONS WITH ASD Information and Construction Retail Trade Cultural Industries Administrative Educational Healthcare and and Support Services Social Assistance Accommodation Public and Food Administration Services
DATA TO POLICY EXAMPLES • Linking federal commitments to provincial supports • Relevance of poverty measures for persons with disability • Utilization of the disability This doesn’t happen alone! tax credit “Understanding Policy Developments and Choices Through the “3-i” Framework: Interests, Ideas and Institutions” http://www.ncchpp.ca/docs/2014_ProcPP_3iFramework_EN.pdf
LINKING FEDERAL COMMITMENTS TO PROVINCIAL SUPPORTS
WHAT EXISTS IN POLICY “We agree that there is much scope to improve the current patchwork of federal, provincial and territorial benefits and services. Work needs to be done at both levels of government to reduce the fragmentation of our supports and services” – IN UNISON a 1998 report from provincial ministers responsible for social services • International United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities • Federal Canadian Charter or Rights and Freedoms Canadian Human Rights Act Employment Equity Act Federal Accessibility Legislation – passed third reading Nov 27 2018 • Provincial (Alberta) Alberta Human Rights Act Premier’s Council on the Status of Persons with Disabilities Act Persons with Developmental Disabilities Services Act Income and Employment Supports Act The Fair and Family-Friendly Workplaces Act
PROGRAMS AND SUPPORTS • Federal • Provincial (Alberta) Opportunities Fund for Persons with Disabilities Alberta Works (including Employment and Training Services Canada-Alberta Labour Market Agreement for and Transition to Employment Persons with Disabilities funding under Labour Services) Market Agreements for Persons with Disabilities (LMAPDs) Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped (AISH) Western Economic Diversification Canada Entrepreneurs with Disabilities Program Persons with Developmental Disabilities (PDD) Program Canada Pension Plan Disability – Disability Employment Supports and Vocational Rehabilitation Program Community Access Supports Employment Insurance – Employment-Related Disability-Related Employment Services Supports (DRES) Aboriginal Skills and Employment Training Strategy – Disability Services Working Income Tax Benefit Disability Supplement (and Disability Tax Credit) Disability-Related Employment Benefits Disability Supports Deduction Refundable Medical Expense Supplement
LINKING FEDERAL COMMITMENTS AND PROVINCIAL SUPPORTS AND SERVICES • Right to adequate standard of • Right to live in the com m unity living (article 28) (article 19) AISH & Barriers to Full Persons with Developmental Employment Disabilities (PDD) program community supports PDD Program Family Support for Children with Disabilities • Right to education (article 24) Program unit funding • Respect for hom e and the Inclusive education fam ily (article 23) Post-secondary grants for Albertans with disabilities Family Support for Children with Disabilities FASD initiatives Early childhood services • Right to work (article 27) program Disability-Related Employment Supports PDD program employment • Right to accessible health supports services (article 25)
See our website with expenditure and caseload data for persons with disability www.disabilitydataproject.com PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON DISABILITY OECD (2018). Public spending on incapacity (indicator) Unpublished analysis, Zwicker et al.
THE EMPLOYMENT ECOSYSTEM Macro-level Issues (Policy) Workplace Readiness Community-level Services - transition and employment supports - broader supports Lived Experience Nicholas et al 2018, J Autism Dev Disorders
CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS A = Remove barriers and Employer disincentives to work in income supports B = Increasing employment Employer opportunities knowledge C = Promoting employer training and knowledge C A D = Promoting better education/ B training Training Stigma and D Individual Society experience Khayatzadeh-Mahani et al. 2019
RELEVANCE OF POVERTY MEASURES FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITY www.policyschool.ca
IS THE MARKET BASKET MEASURE A SUITABLE MEASURE OF POVERTY FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITY?
POVERTY LEVELS FOR PERSONS WITH AND WITHOUT DISABILITY
FINDINGS: DTC TAKE-UP IS LOW Policy Paper Op-ed Dunn and Zwicker, SPP Research Papers 2018
RECOMMENDATIONS: IMPROVE ACCESS & USE OF DISABILITY SUPPORTS 1. Increase available information, including better data on target population 2. Improve administration of the DTC a) Implement a clear and transparent review and appeals process b) Consider a new disability Senate Standing Committee on Social assessment process for disability Affairs, Science and Technology benefits, decoupling eligibility for other important benefits from the DTC 3. Improve support for individuals with disability living in low income Disability Advisory Committee
Follow up questions, concerns or comments can be directed to: Jennifer Zwicker , PhD, MPP Director, Health Policy Assistant Professor, Faculty of Kinesiology P: 403-210-9224 | M: 403-389-1091 E: zwicker1@ucalgary.ca THE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC POLICY University of Calgary Downtown Campus 906 8th Avenue S.W., 5th Floor Calgary, Alberta T2P 1H9
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