Demogr ographic ic Tren ends and Attit itudes es towards Migr gration ion Globall lly Neil G. Ruiz Associate Director of Global Migration & Demography
Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. We conduct public opinion polling, demographic research, content analysis and other data-driven social science research. We do not take policy positions. All of our research is available at www.pewresearch.org. We are a subsidiary ofThe Pew Charitable Trusts, our primary funder. Major r re research are reas • U.S. politics and policy • Journalism and media Internet, science and technology • • Religion and public life Hispanic trends • • Global attitudes and trends • Global migration and demography • Social and demographic trends • Research methodology Follow us on Twitter @pewresearch @facttank 2
Global l Migratio ion n Trends nds www.pewresearch.org 3 January 14, 2020
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Largest Immigrant Destination at Historic High 5 January 14, 2020
25 countries and territories have higher shares of foreign born than the U.S. 6 January 14, 2020
Number er of refugees ees today exceed eeds number er follow llowin ing fall l of Berlin lin Wall l in 1989 7 January 14, 2020
A record- high share of the world’s population is displa laced ed from their eir homes 8 January 14, 2020
Top ORIGINS of international migrants (in millions, migrant stock as of 2017) 9 January 14, 2020
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Unaut uthor horiz ized Immigrant nts in Top Destina inatio ions ns: Europe and United States www.pewresearch.org 11 January 14, 2020
Europe’s unauthorized immigrant population with and without asylum seekers Range for the estimated number of unauthorized immigrants in millions living in Europe, 2014-2017 Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data. 12 January 14, 2020
Unauthorized immigrants in Europe account for nearly one-in-five non-EU-EFTA citizens Estimates of people living in Europe without EU or EFTA citizenship, 2017 Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data. 13 January 14, 2020
More than two- thirds of Europe’s unauthorized immigrants in 2017 lived in Germany, the UK, Italy and France Estimated number of unauthorized immigrants in thousands by country of residence, 2017 Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data. 14 January 14, 2020
Terminology Europe - European Union (EU) member countries in 2017 and the four European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries – Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Noncitizens - residents of Europe who are not EU-EFTA citizens, most of whom were not born in EU or EFTA countries Unauthorized immigrants - noncitizens living in their country of residence without a residency permit. The estimates are for the population at the end of each year, not annual flows. Includes the following groups: ▪ Entered without permission ▪ Visa overstayers ▪ Deferred deportees ▪ Children born to unauthorized immigrant parents ▪ Asylum seekers waiting for a decision 15 January 14, 2020
Estimates rely on four primary methods Primary method, by country Note: Percentages are for 2017 estimates.
Europe’s unauthorized immigrant population is half the size of that in U.S. Range for the estimated number of unauthorized immigrants in 2017, in millions Source: Pew Research Center estimates for Europe based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data. Pew Research Center estimates for U.S. based on augmented U.S. Census Bureau data. 17 January 14, 2020
National origins of unauthorized immigrants are more diverse in Europe than in the U.S. % unauthorized immigrants in 2017, by region of nationality Source: Pew Research Center estimates for Europe based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data. Pew Research Center estimates for U.S. based on augmented U.S. Census Bureau data. 18 January 14, 2020
Unauthorized immigrants in Europe have had shorter periods of residence than unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. % unauthorized immigrants in 2017, by duration of residence Source: Pew Research Center estimates for Europe based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data. Pew Research Center estimates for U.S. based on augmented U.S. Census Bureau data. 19 January 14, 2020
Unauthorized immigrants in Europe are younger than those in the U.S. % unauthorized immigrants in 2017, by age Source: Pew Research Center estimates for Europe based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data. Pew Research Center estimates for U.S. based on augmented U.S. Census Bureau data. 20 January 14, 2020
Slight majorities of unauthorized immigrants in both Europe and the U.S. are male % unauthorized immigrants in 2017, by sex Source: Pew Research Center estimates for Europe based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data. Pew Research Center estimates for U.S. based on augmented U.S. Census Bureau data. 21 January 14, 2020
High Skille illed Tale lent nt at Top Destina inatio ion n Count ntries www.pewresearch.org 22 January 14, 2020
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Most “Popular” Universities 2016 27 January 14, 2020
Work Author horiz izatio ion n for Foreig ign n Colle lege Gradua uates: Optio iona nal Practic ical l Training ining (OPT) T) www.pewresearch.org 28 January 14, 2020
The OPT program has grown rapidly during OPT expansion and foreign student surge Optional Practical Training approvals rose substantially after 2008 program expansion Number of foreign student graduates approved to work in the United States under the OPT program, in thousands 300 thousand 257 200 2008 STEM extension 100 80 78 2016 STEM extension 0 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Note: Data based on calendar years. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement data received August, 2017, through a Freedom of Information Act request. PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 29 January 14, 2020
Students from Asia make up a large majority of graduates approved for OPT, 2004-2016 Note: See Appendix E for region categories. Figures are students with associate degree or higher degrees in higher education, rounded to nearest hundred. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement data received August 2017 through a Freedom of Information Act request. “Number of Foreign College Students Staying and Working in U.S. After Graduation Surges” PEW RESEARCH CENTER 30 January 14, 2020
Majority of foreign student graduates under OPT are from Asia Nearly three-quarters of the 1.5 million graduates on OPT came from Asia Number and % of OPT approvals in the United States from 2004-2016, by country of citizenship Note: Only top 10 countries shown. Figures are students with an associate degree or higher and are rounded to nearest hundred. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement data received August 2017 through a Freedom of Information Act request. “Number of Foreign College Students Staying and Working in U.S. After Graduation Surges” PEW RESEARCH CENTER 31 January 14, 2020
STEM foreign graduates are the largest users of the OPT program Number of foreign students graduating American colleges and obtaining authorization to work in the U.S. grows, especially among those in STEM fields Number of OPT approvals from 2004-2016, in thousands Number of STEM graduates under OPT grew substantially after the 2008 program expansion % increase between 2008 and 2016 STEM 400% Non-STEM 49% Note: Majors are grouped based on the most recent delineation of majors that fall under Note: Figures are students with an associate degree or higher. STEM categories are based the science, technology, engineering, or on fields outlined by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. mathematics (STEM) field outlined by the Source: Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement data Department of Homeland Security. received August 2017 through a Freedom of Information Act request. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of “Number of Foreign College Students Staying and Working in U.S. After Graduation Surges” U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement data received August, 2017, through a PEW RESEARCH CENTER Freedom of Information Act request. PEW RESEARCH CENTER 32 January 14, 2020
The Futur ure: World ld Popula ulatio ion n Proje jectio ions ns www.pewresearch.org 33 January 14, 2020
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Findings from Pew Research Center’s Public lic Opini inion n about ut Migratio ion n around und the World ld www.pewresearch.org 39 January 14, 2020
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