DAVID JUDE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OUTLINE -LAKE HURON TROPHIC - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES IN LAKE HURON AND THE ST. CLAIR RIVER: ROLE OF INVASIVE SPECIES CHANGING FISH COMMUNITIES AND PCB DYNAMICS DAVID JUDE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

OUTLINE -LAKE HURON TROPHIC CASCADE -ST CLAIR FISH COMMUNITY CHANGES -PCB DYNAMICS IN THE ST CLAIR RIVER/COMPARISON WITH OTHER RIVERS

TROPHIC CASCADE • IMPROVED SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS REDUCED PHOSPHORUS INPUTS • DREISSENIDAE • :::::RESULT: OLIGOTROPHICATION

LAKE ERIE IS DEAD! TIME August 20, 1965

Detroit Wastewater Treatment Plant Total phosphorus concentration: 1966 – 2003 20 1970 Polymer and Pickle Effluent Total Phosphorus Concentration (mg/L) Liquor Feeding Facilities 1971 18 (Data Source: Added Michigan Limits Phosphorus in Cleaning DWWTP ) 16 Agents to 8.7% 14 1973-1976 12 Construction of Aeration Facilities 1979-80 10 Implementation of 1977 Alternative Sludge Michigan's 8 Removal Process Phosphorus Detergent Ban 6 1 981 Consistent 4 Secondary Treatment 2 0 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 Year

LAKE MICHIGAN: TOTAL P LOADINGS

MID-LAKE REEFS - 2001

MID-LAKE REEFS - 2005

TERRESTRIAL FOOD WEB • SUN • ! • GRASS ! COW ! MCDONALDS

Original Great Lakes Food Web Phytoplankton (Algae) Zooplankton Pelagic Fish Diporeia Benthic Fish

After Zebra and Quagga Mussels Phytoplankton (Algae) Zooplankton Pelagic Fish Energy Shunt Zebra/Quagga Mussels Diporeia Benthic Fish

DECLINE IN P AND ALGAE • CAUSED A TROPHIC CASCADE THROUGH THE FOOD WEB AFFECTING: • ALGAE • ZOOPLANKTON • DIPOREIA • FORAGE FISHES • TOP PREDATORS

WATER QUALITY

Bubble plots: 12-yr changes based on slope of monitoring data Negative trends Positive trends

Huron Spring 12-year trend TP TDP chemistry

Huron Spring (cells/ml) Huron Summer (cells/ml) 2500 9000 8000 2000 7000 6000 1500 5000 4000 1000 3000 Other/unidentified 2000 Dinoflagellates 500 Euglenoids 1000 Blue-greens 0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2007 1996 1997 1998 1999 2007 Cryptophytes Chrysophytes Huron Spring (µm³/ml) Huron Summer (µm³/ml) Greens 450000 400000 Pennate diatoms 400000 350000 Centric diatoms 350000 300000 300000 250000 250000 200000 200000 150000 150000 100000 100000 50000 50000 0 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2007 1996 1997 1998 1999 2007 Lake Huron comparison of pre-2000 and 2007 phytoplankton data. Data are presented for spring (left) and summer (right) sampling events based on cell density (top) and biovolume (bottom).

Trends suggest… • Chemistry and biology are shifting! • Shifts are concordant due to interactions among trophic levels.

Cladocerans Copepods Cyclopoid copepod Daphnia Diaptomid copepod Bosmina Limnocalanus

50000 2000 Lake Huron Biomass (ug/m 3 ) 10000 50000 0 Left panel = Spring 2001 Right panel = Summer 2001 10000 50000 0 0 2002 2002 Rotifers 10000 50000 0 Other Cladocerans 0 Nauplii 2003 2003 Native Predatory Cladocerans Invasive Predatory 10000 50000 0 0 Cladocerans 2004 2004 Immature Cyclopoids Immature Calanoids 0 Holopedium 10000 0 50000 2005 2005 Dreissenid Veligers Daphnia Bosminids 10000 50000 0 0 2007 Adult Cyclopoids 2007 10000 0 50000 0 2008 2008 0 0 Northern Central Southern Northern Central Southern Lake Huron Lake Huron Lake Huron Lake Huron Lake Huron Lake Huron

Alewife Limnocalanus too deep Bloater (whitefish larger, lake herring similar)

AMPHIPOD DIPOREIA

Diporeia spp. 94% Decline in 10 Years 1994/95 2000 2005 0 3 6 9 12 15 0 3 6 9 12 15 0 3 6 9 12 15 Density (per m 2 x 10 3 ) Density (per m 2 x 10 3 ) Density (per m 2 x 10 3 )

Preyfish populations in Lake Huron 350 (USGS fall bottom trawl survey) 300 round goby troutperch Biomass (kilotonnes) stickleback 250 sculpin bloater 200 rainbow smelt alewife 150 100 50 0 Data courtesy Ed Roseman, USGS GLSC

LAKE MICHIGAN FORAGE FISH CATCHES (USGS, MADENJIAN) 5 00 N i nespi ne st i ckl eback D eepw at er scul pi n 4 5 0 R ai nbow sm el t S l i m y scul pi n 4 00 A l ew i f e B l oat er 3 5 0 k t ) as ( om 3 00 bi de 2 5 0 wi Lak e- 2 00 1 5 0 1 00 5 0 0 1 9 7 3 1 9 8 1 1 9 8 9 1 9 9 7 2 005 Ye a r

SALMON FISHERY:LK HURON • ALEWIFE, MAIN PREY OF SALMON, VERY SCARCE • CHINOOK, COHO SALMON FISHERY PROBABLY EXTINCT IN LAKE HURON • ******* • BUT THERE HAS BEEN A RESURGENCE IN ES, WL, LT, AND LH

A COMPARISON OF THE ST. CLAIR RIVER FISH COMMUNITY 1993 VS. 2011 DAVID JUDE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

METHODS • SEINING IN NEARSHORE • TRAWLING AT 3, 5, 7, 9, AND 11 M • DAY AND NIGHT • APRIL-DECEMBER 1993 • SPRING, SUMMER, AND FALL 2011

OBJECTIVES • DETERMINE IF INTRODUCTION OF THE ROUND AND TUBENOSE GOBIES HAD DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON BENTHIC SPECIES • EMPHASIS ON SCULPIN, DARTERS, MADTOMS, LOGPERCH • ROUND GOBIES FIRST FOUND IN 1990 IN ST CLAIR RIVER

ST. CLAIR RIVER FISH COMMUNITY - 1993-94 45 40 35 30 % COMPOSITION 25 20 15 10 5 0

ST. CLAIR RIVER FISH COMMUNITY, 2011 40 35 30 25 % COMPOSITION 20 15 10 5 0 R GOBY L PERCH R BASS SPOTTAIL EMERALD S Y PERCH SM BASS T.-PERCH MISC

ST. CLAIR RIVER FISH COMMUNITY: 1993 (N=11,253) VS. 2011 (N=1,454) 45 40 35 30 % COMPOSITION 25 20 15 10 5 0 R GOBY L PERCH ALEWIFE C DARTER R BASS N MADTOM R DARTER T. GOBY M. SCULPIN

• From 1993 to 2011, round goby composed a similar proportion of catch: about 40%

FISH SPECIES THAT DID NOT CHANGE • -- ROUND GOBY • --NORTHERN MADTOM, AN ENDANGERED SPECIES

FISH SPECIES THAT INCREASED • LOGPERCH – DOUBLED IN CATCH • ROCKBASS – TRIPLED IN CATCH

SPECIES THAT DECLINED IN CATCH • -ALEWIFE: WENT FROM 5% TO NEAR 0 • -CHANNEL DARTER (AN ENDANGERED SPECIES): 4% TO NEAR 0 • -RAINBOW DARTER (NATIVE SPECIES): 3% TO NEAR 0 • MOTTLED SCULPIN (NATIVE SPECIES): 3% TO NEAR 0 • TUBENOSE GOBY: 3% TO NEAR 0

PCBs IN NEW INVASIVE SPECIES FOOD CHAIN • AOC • INVASIVE SPECIES FOOD WEB • BIOACCUMULATION IN SPORT FISH RESULTS

New Food Web

ROUND GOBY MOLARIFORM TEETH

PCBs IN NEW BENTHIC, SHORTENED FOOD WEB • -ST. CLAIR RIVER FOOD WEB • -CALUMET RIVER FOOD WEB • -RAISIN RIVER FOOD WEB • -COMPARISON WITH SAGINAW RIVER AND ST. LOUIS RIVER, DULUTH, MINN • ? POSSIBLE USE AS A DELISTER OF AOCs

ST CLAIR RIVER PCBs IN THE FOOD WEB, 1999 PCBS (NG/G WW) 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

ST CLAIR RIVER PCBS IN THE FOOD WEB, 1999 200 180 160 PCBs (NG/G WW) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

ST. CLAIR RIVER PCBs FOOD WEB, 1999 140 120 100 PCBs (NG/G WW) 80 60 40 20 0 B. ALGAE ZEBRA M PSEUDOF AMPHIPOD CRAYFISH R GOBIES S M BASS FOOD WEB COMPONENT

CALUMET RIVER FOOD WEB PCBs, 1999 450 400 350 300 NG/G (WW) 250 200 150 100 50 0 PHYTO B.ALGAE ZM PSEUDO AMPHI CRAYFIS RG SB FOOD WEB COMPONENTS

RAISIN RIVER PCBs FOOD WEB, 1999 12000 10000 8000 PCBS (NG/G WW) 6000 4000 2000 0 PHYTO B.ALGAE ZM-FP PSEUDO AMPHI RG-FP - 80 SBC-348 SB-415 FOOD WEB COMPONENT

PCBs IN ZEBRA MUSSELS FROM VARIOUS RIVERS, 1999 3500 3000 2500 PCBs (NG/G WW) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 RAISIN CALUMET ST CLAIR

PCBs IN AMPHIPODS FROM VARIOUS RIVERS, 1999 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 PCBs (NG/G WW) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 RAISIN CALUMET ST CLAIR RIVERS

PCBs IN ROUND GOBIES FROM VARIOUS RIVERS, 1999 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 PCBs (NG/G WW) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 RAISIN CALUMET ST CLAIR SAG RIV ST LOUIS RIVERS

PCBs IN SMALLMOUTH BASS FROM VARIOUS RIVERS, 1999 3000 2500 2000 PCBs (NG/G WW) 1500 1000 500 0 RAISIN CALUMET ST CLAIR RAISIN C RIVERS

DELISTING CRITERIA • CONSIDER USING PCBS IN THE RG- ZM-SMB FOOD WEB AS A DELISTING CRITERIA • DATA FROM RAISIN SUGGEST THIS RIVER NEEDS MORE REHABILITATION, WHILE OTHERS ARE CONSIDERABLE LESS • BETTER CONTROL SITES REQUIRED

CONCLUSIONS • LAKE HURON IS BECOMING MORE LIKE LAKE SUPERIOR • NATIVE SPECIES REBOUNDING IN LAKE HURON- WL, ES, LT, LH • ST CLAIR RIVER FISH POPULATIONS HAVE CHANGED: RG,NM:LP,RB:CD,RD,MS,AL,TN • NEW INVASIVE SPECIES FOOD WEB CONDUCIVE TO PCB UPTAKE IN SMB

QUESTIONS?