COST PhD Training School Environmental Policy Instruments 28 - PDF document

Environmental Policy Research Centre Dr Sabine Weiland Environmental Policy Research Centre Freie Universität Berlin sabine.weiland@fu-berlin.de COST PhD Training School ‘Environmental Policy Instruments’ 28 September 2010 Programme for today  9:00 – 10:30h: Lecture and discussion: Old and new modes of environmental governance Old and new modes of environmental governance  11:00 – 12:15h: Lecture and discussion: Environmental policy instruments Environmental policy instruments  13:15 – 15:15h: PhD Presentations and Discussions PhD Presentations and Discussions 2 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010

Old and new modes of environmental governance Old and new modes of environmental governance  From ‘government’ to ‘governance’: changing forms of the state  Government: activities undertaken by state bodies  Governance: blurred boundaries between public and private sectors, and between national and international levels  Common concern for relationship between state intervention and societal autonomy  Classification in the politics, polity, and policy dimension 3 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010 Modes of governance in the policy dimension Modes of governance in the policy dimension  Legal bindingness versus soft law  Rigid versus flexible approach to implementation  Presence versus absence of sanctions  Material versus procedural regulation  Fixed versus malleable norms 4 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010

Modes of governance in the politics dimension Modes of governance in the politics dimension  Only public actors involved versus only private actors involved 5 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010 Modes of governance in the polity dimension Modes of governance in the polity dimension  Hierarchy versus market  Central versus dispersed locus of authority  Institutionalised versus non-institutionalised interactions 6 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010

Existing Conceptions of Modes of Governance State intervention Societal autonomy Legal Non-institutionalised bindingness interactions Policy Rigid approach Dispersed locus to implementation of authority Presence of Market sanctions Material Only private regulation actors involved Fixed norms Malleable norms Only public Procedural actors involved regulation Hierarchy Absence of sanctions Politics Central locus Flexible approach of authority to implementation Institutionalised Soft law (Source: Treib et al. 2005, Modes interactions of Governance, EUROGOV Papers Polity No. N-05-02) 7 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010 Modes of governance Modes of governance – Group work roup work In groups of three:  Discuss how the classification by Treib et al. fits with your work  Mapping exercise 8 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010

Governance in areas of ‘limited statehood’  Governance debate is based on an ideal type of the modern nation-state in the OECD world  Key elements of modern nation-states: territorial sovereignty, monopoly over the use of force  Two thirds of states outside the OECD world as well as international politics form areas of ‘limited statehood’  How can effective and legitimate governance be sustained?  Two key features of governance modes important here:  Role of non-state actors  ‘Soft steering 9 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010 Governance in areas of ‘limited statehood’ (2) Actors involved State actors State and non-state Non-state actors Modes of actors coordinating action Classic nation-state Delegation of public tasks Hierarchical/ Supranational institutions/ to non-state actors or Pre-state associations vertical steering jurisdictions public contractors International cooperation Public-private modes of Cooperation between Non- International regimes/ cooperation non-state actors hierarchical/ organisations Partnership projects Private regimes horizontal International negotiations Indigenous collaboration Networks Colonial regimes steering (Source: Risse/Lehmkuhl 2006, Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood – New Modes of Governance? Research Program of the Research Center (SFB) 700) 10 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010

Environmental Policy Research Centre Dr Sabine Weiland Environmental Policy Research Centre Freie Universität Berlin sabine.weiland@fu-berlin.de COST PhD Training School ‘Environmental Policy Instruments’ (part 2) 28 September 2010 Environmental policy instruments  Policy instruments can be defined as “myriad techniques at the disposal of governments to implement their policy objectives”  New policy instruments:  Economic instruments  Voluntary agreements  Informational devices 12 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010

Economic instruments (EI)  can be defined as instruments that “affect estimates of costs of alternative actions open to economic agents”  Types of EIs:  taxes  subsidies  tradable emission permits  deposit-refund schemes 13 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010 Voluntary agreements (VAs)  Various definitions: “covering only those commitments undertaken by firms and sector associations, which are the result of negotiations with public authorities and/or explicitly recognised by the authorities” (EEA) “agreements between industry and public authorities on the achievement of environmental objectives” (EU Commission) “voluntary commitments of the industry undertaken in order to pursue actions leading to the improvement of the environment” (OECD) Typology of VAs:   Unilateral commitments  Public voluntary schemes  Negotiated agreements 14 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010

Informational devices  Eco-labels, certification schemes  Not very intrusive policy instruments  Rely on moral suasion  ‘Green’ consumerism as a precondition 15 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010 ‘Old’ instruments: regulation  Command-and-control  Classical way of the state to achieve regulatory goals  Still existent but may be used in conjunction with ‘new’ policy instruments 16 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010

Typology of environmental policy instruments (1) Sticks — Sticks — Carrots — arrots — Sermons ermons Highly choice Moderately choice Facilitate constraining constraining free choice Regulation EIs Information VAs instruments  Regulation  EIs ?  VAs  Information (Source: Bemelmans-Videc et al. 1998) instruments 17 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010 Typology of environmental policy instruments (2) WHAT? Regulator SPECIFIES Regulator does NOT SPECIFY the goal to be achieved the goal to be achieved HOW? Command-and-control Technology-based regulatory Regulator specifies HOW (regulation) standards goal is to be achieved Regulator does NOT Most negotiated VAs; Most EIs; some VAs; specify HOW goal some EIs; some informational devices is to be achieved regulation (eg EQOs)  Regulation  EIs ?  VAs (Source: Jordan et al. 2003)  Information instruments 18 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010

Environmental policy instruments Why are ‘new’ environmental policy instruments adopted?  Dissatisfaction with regulation  Perceived strengths of new policy instruments  Governance ‘turn’  Instrument changes in the EU  Economic pressures  Growing international competition  Growing domestic support  Barriers to change 19 Environmental Policy Research Centre, Sabine Weiland, 04/ 10/ 2010